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Suspensions of Cu nanoparticles are promising for creating the new class of alternative antimicrobial products. In this study we examined copper nanoparticles of various sizes obtained by the method of wire electric explosion: nanopowder average size 50 nm (Cu 50) and 100 nm (Cu 100). The paper presents the complex study of the influence of physicochemical properties such as particle size and concentration of the freshly prepared and 24-hour suspensions of Cu nanoparticles in distilled water and physiological solution upon their toxicity to bacteria E. coli M-17. Ionic solution of Cu2+ and sodium dichloroisocyanurate was used for comparison study. It has been shown that decrease in the nanoparticle size leads to changes in the correlation between toxicity and concentration as toxicity peaks are observed at low concentrations (0.0001⋯0.01 mg/L). It has been observed that antibacterial properties of Cu 50 nanoparticle suspensions are ceased after 24-hour storage, while for Cu 100 suspensions no correlation between antibacterial properties and storage time has been noted. Cu 100 nanoparticle suspensions at 10 mg/L concentration display higher toxicity at substituting physiological solution for water than Cu 50 suspensions. Dependence of the toxicity on the mean particle aggregates size in suspension was not revealed.

Understanding the behaviour of particles suspended in a fluid has many important applications across a range of fields, including engineering and geophysics. Comprising two main parts, this book begins with the well-developed theory of particles in viscous fluids, i.e. microhydrodynamics, particularly for single- and pair-body dynamics. Part II considers many-body dynamics, covering shear flows and sedimentation, bulk flow properties and collective phenomena. An interlude between the two parts provides the basic statistical techniques needed to employ the results of the first (microscopic) in the second (macroscopic). The authors introduce theoretical, mathematical concepts through concrete examples, making the material accessible to non-mathematicians. They also include some of the many open questions in the field to encourage further study. Consequently, this is an ideal introduction for students and researchers from other disciplines who are approaching suspension dynamics for the first time.

In recent years, nanocrystal technology has been extensively investigated. Due to the submicron particle size and unique physicochemical properties of nanocrystals, they overcome the problems of low drug solubility and poor bioavailability. Although the structures of nanocrystals are simple, the further development of these materials is hindered by their stability. Drug nanocrystals with particle sizes of 1∼1000 nm usually require the addition of stabilizers such as polymers or surfactants to enhance their stability. The stability of nanocrystal suspensions and the redispersibility of solid nanocrystal drugs are the key factors for the large-scale production of nanocrystal preparations. In this paper, the factors that affect the stability of drug nanocrystal preparations are discussed, and related methods for solving the stability problem are put forward.

This book gives the reader an introduction to the field of surfactants in solution as well as polymers in solution. Starting with an introduction to surfactants the book then discusses their environmental and health aspects. Chapter 3 looks at fundamental forces in surface and colloid chemistry. Chapter 4 covers self-assembly and 5 phase diagrams. Chapter 6 reviews advanced self-assembly while chapter 7 looks at complex behaviour. Chapters 8 to 10 cover polymer adsorption at solid surfaces, polymers in solution and surface active polymers, respectively. Chapters 11 and 12 discuss adsorption and surface and interfacial tension, while Chapters 13- 16 deal with mixed surfactant systems. Chapter 17, 18 and 19 address microemulsions, colloidal stability and the rheology of polymer and surfactant solutions. Wetting and wetting agents, hydrophobization and hydrophobizing agents, solid dispersions, surfactant assemblies, foaming, emulsions and emulsifiers and microemulsions for soil and oil removal complete the coverage in chapters 20-25.

Dense suspensions of hard granular particles can transform from liquid-like to solid-like when perturbed; a state diagram is mapped out that reveals how this transformation can occur via dynamic jamming at sufficiently large shear stress while leaving the particle density unchanged. Shear jamming in dense suspensions Dense suspensions of hard granular particles exhibit a rich array of dynamical behaviour: depending on how they are perturbed, and the timescale on which they are measured, they can transform from liquid-like to solid-like. Ivo Peters et al . look specifically at the effects of dynamical shear, mapping out these behaviours as a function of particle density and shear stress. The result is a comprehensive state diagram that provides a unified picture of the steady state and transient behaviours of such systems, with dynamic shear 'jamming' playing the pivotal role. Liquid-like at rest, dense suspensions of hard particles can undergo striking transformations in behaviour when agitated or sheared 1 . These phenomena include solidification during rapid impact 2 , 3 , as well as strong shear thickening characterized by discontinuous, orders-of-magnitude increases in suspension viscosity 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 . Much of this highly non-Newtonian behaviour has recently been interpreted within the framework of a jamming transition. However, although jamming indeed induces solid-like rigidity 9 , 10 , 11 , even a strongly shear-thickened state still flows and thus cannot be fully jammed 12 , 13 . Furthermore, although suspensions are incompressible, the onset of rigidity in the standard jamming scenario requires an increase in particle density 9 , 10 , 14 . Finally, whereas shear thickening occurs in the steady state, impact-induced solidification is transient 2 , 15 , 16 , 17 . As a result, it has remained unclear how these dense suspension phenomena are related and how they are connected to jamming. Here we resolve this by systematically exploring both the steady-state and transient regimes with the same experimental system. We demonstrate that a fully jammed, solid-like state can be reached without compression and instead purely with shear, as recently proposed for dry granular systems 18 , 19 . This state is created by transient shear-jamming fronts, which we track directly. We also show that shear stress, rather than shear rate, is the key control parameter. From these findings we map out a state diagram with particle density and shear stress as variables. We identify discontinuous shear thickening with a marginally jammed regime just below the onset of full, solid-like jamming 20 . This state diagram provides a unifying framework, compatible with prior experimental and simulation results on dense suspensions, that connects steady-state and transient behaviour in terms of a dynamic shear-jamming process.

Equilibrium interactions between particles in aqueous suspensions are limited to distances less than 1 μm. Here, we describe a versatile concept to design and engineer nonequilibrium interactions whose magnitude and direction depends on the surface chemistry of the suspended particles, and whose range may extend over hundreds of microns and last thousands of seconds. The mechanism described here relies on diffusiophoresis, in which suspended particles migrate in response to gradients in solution. Three ingredients are involved: a soluto-inertial “beacon” designed to emit a steady flux of solute over long time scales; suspended particles that migrate in response to the solute flux; and the solute itself, which mediates the interaction. We demonstrate soluto-inertial interactions that extend for nearly half a millimeter and last for tens of minutes, and which are attractive or repulsive, depending on the surface chemistry of the suspended particles. Experiments agree quantitatively with scaling arguments and numerical computations, confirming the basic phenomenon, revealing design strategies, and suggesting a broad set of new possibilities for the manipulation and control of suspended particles.

Suspending self-propelled “pushers” in a liquid lowers its viscosity. We study how this phenomenon depends on system size in bacterial suspensions using bulk rheometry and particle-tracking rheoimaging. Above the critical bacterial volume fraction needed to decrease the viscosity to zero, ϕc ≈ 0:75%, large-scale collective motion emerges in the quiescent state, and the flow becomes nonlinear. We confirm a theoretical prediction that such instability should be suppressed by confinement. Our results also show that a recent application of active liquid-crystal theory to such systems is untenable.

This protocol describes how to generate large quantities of cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells using a bioreactor. Cells are differentiated by application of Wnt pathway modulators while growing in suspension culture. Cardiomyocytes (CMs) generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a potential cell source for regenerative therapies, drug discovery and disease modeling. All these applications require a routine supply of relatively large quantities of in vitro –generated CMs. This protocol describes a suspension culture–based strategy for the generation of hPSC-CMs as cell-only aggregates, which facilitates process development and scale-up. Aggregates are formed for 4 d in hPSC culture medium followed by 10 d of directed differentiation by applying chemical Wnt pathway modulators. The protocol is applicable to static multiwell formats supporting fast adaptation to specific hPSC line requirements. We also demonstrate how to apply the protocol using stirred tank bioreactors at a 100-ml scale, providing a well-controlled upscaling platform for CM production. In bioreactors, the generation of 40–50 million CMs per differentiation batch at >80% purity without further lineage enrichment can been achieved within 24 d.

PurposeThe effects of particle size and particle surface roughness on the colloidal stability of pressurized pharmaceutical suspensions were investigated using monodisperse spray-dried particles.MethodsThe colloidal stability of multiple suspensions in the propellant HFA227ea was characterized using a shadowgraphic imaging technique and quantitatively compared using an instability index. Model suspensions of monodisperse spray-dried trehalose particles of narrow distributions (GSD < 1.2) and different sizes (MMAD = 5.98 μm, 10.1 μm, 15.5 μm) were measured first to study the dependence of colloidal stability on particle size. Particles with different surface rugosity were then designed by adding different fractions of trileucine, a shell former, and their suspension stability measured to further study the effects of surface roughness on the colloidal stability of pressurized suspensions.ResultsThe colloidal stability significantly improved (p < 0.001) from the suspension with 15.5 μm-particles to the suspension with 5.98 μm-particles as quantified by the decreased instability index from 0.63 ± 0.04 to 0.07 ± 0.01, demonstrating a strongly size-dependent colloidal stability. No significant improvement of suspension stability (p > 0.1) was observed at low trileucine fraction at 0.4 % where particles remained relatively smooth until the surface rugosity of the particles was improved by the higher trileucine fractions at 1.0 % and 5.0 %, which was indicated by the substantially decreased instability index from 0.27 ± 0.02 for the suspensions with trehalose model particles to 0.18 ± 0.01 (p < 0.01) and 0.03 ± 0.01 (p < 0.002) respectively.ConclusionsSurface modification of particles by adding shell formers like trileucine to the feed solutions of spray drying was demonstrated to be a promising method of improving the colloidal stability of pharmaceutical suspensions in pressurized metered dose inhalers.

Titanium implants possess bioinert surfaces that limit osseointegration and are prone to bacterial colonization, necessitating functional coatings. This study investigated the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of composite coatings composed of chitosan (CS), nanohydroxyapatite (nanoHAp), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on grade 2 titanium using an ethanol–acetic acid suspension. The influence of deposition parameters (10–30 V; 3–5 min) on coating microstructure, adhesion, corrosion resistance, wettability, bioactivity, and silver release was systematically examined. The coatings reached a maximum thickness of ~ 7 μm at 30 V/5 min, while the most uniform and adherent coating (class 1, EN ISO 2409) was obtained at 10 V/3 min. Increasing voltage and time produced rougher (Sa up to 1.3 μm) and more porous surfaces, but decreased adhesion. Corrosion resistance improved with coating thickness, with open circuit potentials shifting positively up to + 0.15 V versus the reference electrode. Wettability tests revealed hydrophilic behavior with contact angles of ~ 80°. Bioactivity in simulated body fluid was confirmed by calcium phosphate precipitation on all coated samples, particularly thicker ones. Silver ion release was controlled by deposition parameters, ranging from 0.9 mg/L (10 V/3 min) to 1.8 mg/L (30 V/5 min) after 7 days, indicating a balance between antibacterial functionality and coating integrity. These results demonstrate that ethanol-based EPD can fabricate bioactive, corrosion-resistant CS/nanoHAp/AgNPs coatings with tunable properties. Optimized coatings show potential for biomedical applications, particularly in reducing implant-associated infections while supporting bone integration.