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Orthographic, Phonological, and Morphological Skills and Children's Word Reading in Arabic: A Literature Review
2015
Current Arabic reading instruction places strong emphasis on orthographic skills and little emphasis on phonological and morphological skills. Yet, the role of each skill in reading development in Arabic is not well understood. The purpose of this literature review was to examine the degree to which children learning to read in Arabic use orthographic, phonological, and morphological skills when they pronounce Arabic words. We conducted a comprehensive literature search and located 12 studies that examined the relation between these three skills and Arabic word reading for students in grades K–12. Sublexical orthographic skills were associated with Arabic word reading, especially in reading vowelized text. Phonological skills had the strongest relation with reading Arabic words of the three skills, across vowelized and unvowelized texts, and in grades 1–5. Morphological skills were examined in very few studies, but there was some evidence of association with word reading in skilled readers. We discuss the implications of these findings in relation to the design of two national curricula for teaching beginning Arabic reading.
Chinese
当今阿拉伯语阅读教学侧重于正字法的技能而较少强调语音和词法的技能。然而,每个技能在阿拉伯语阅读发展中的作用,却是不大清楚的。本文献综述旨在考查正在学习阅读阿拉伯语的儿童,在实行阿拉伯语单词发音时使用正字法、语音和词法等三种技能的程度。本文作者进行了全面的文献检索,找出12个相关研究,其中都有考查从幼儿园到十二年级学生,关于这三种技能与阿拉伯语单词阅读之间的关联。亚词汇正字法技能是与阿拉伯语单词阅读有关联,尤其是与加上元音符号的文本阅读有关联。在三种技能中,语音技能与阿拉伯语单词阅读技能有最强的关联,而且横跨了有和没有加上元音符号的文本,也横跨了一至五年级的学生。很少研究考查词法技能,但有些证据显示这个技能与熟练读者的单词阅读有关联。本文作者讨论这些研究结果,对两个阿拉伯语初级阅读教学的国家课程设计所带来的启示。
Spanish
Las instrucciones de hoy día para leer el árabe ponen gran énfasis en las destrezas ortográficas y poca en las destrezas fonológicas y morfológicas. Sin embargo, el papel de cada destreza en el desarrollo de la lectura del árabe no es bien entendido. El propósito de este análisis de la literatura fue el de examinar el grado al que los niños aprendiendo árabe usan las destrezas ortográficas, fonológicas y morfológicas al pronunciar palabras árabes. Hicimos una búsqueda exhaustiva de la literatura y encontramos 12 estudios que examinaban la relación entre estas tres destrezas y la lectura de palabras árabes en estudiantes en los grados K‐12. Las destrezas ortográficas sub léxicas se asociaron con la lectura de palabras árabes, especialmente al leer textos a los cuales se les había añadido vocales. De las tres destrezas, la fonológica tuvo la mayor relación con la lectura de palabras árabes, ya tuviera el texto vocales o no, en los grados del primero al quinto. Las destrezas morfológicas fueron examinadas en muy pocos estudios, pero se encontró evidencia de asociación en la lectura de palabras en estudiantes hábiles. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos en relación al diseño de dos planes de estudios nacionales para la enseñanza de la lectura árabe para principiantes.
Arabic
تعليم القراءة في اللغة العربية حاليًا يركز تركيزًا قويًا على مهارة التعرف على شكل الكلمة وأجزائها بينما يهمش مهارتي الوعي بالصوتيات والصرف بالرغم من إن دور كلاً من هذه المهارات في تطور مهارة القراءة في اللغة العربية غير معروف. الغرض من هذه المراجعة للأبحاث العلمية هو معرفة مدى استخدام الطلاب لمهارة التعرف على الكلمة وأجزائها، مهارة الوعي بالصوتيات، وعلم الصرف عند قراءة الكلمات العربية. أجرينا بحثًا شاملاً لإيجاد جميع الدراسات العلمية ذات العلاقة ووجدنا 12 دراسة فحصت العلاقة بين هذه المهارات الثلاث وقراءة الكلمات العربية لدى الطلاب الذين تتراوح أعمارهم من الروضة حتى السنة الثالثة في المرحلة الثانوية. ارتبطت مهارة التعرف على أجزاء الكلمة بقراءة الكلمات العربية خاصة في النص المشكل. من بين المهارات الثلاث، كان لمهارة الوعي بالصوتيات أقوى علاقة بقراءة الكلمات العربية المشكلة وغير المشكلة من الصف الأول وحتى الصف الثالث. قد تم فحص مهارة الصرف في عدد قليل جداً من الدراسات ولكن كان هناك بعض الأدلة التي أشارت إلى ارتباط مهارة الصرف بقراءة الكلمات وخاصة للقراء الماهرين. نناقش الآثار المترتبة على هذه النتائج فيما يتعلق بالمنهاج الدراسي الوطني لتعليم القراءة العربية للمبتدئين في دولتين عربيتين.
Russian
B нacтoящee вpeмя пpи oбyчeнии чтeнию нa apaбcкoм языкe бoльшoe внимaниe yдeляeтcя opфoгpaфичecким нaвыкaм и гopaздo мeньшee – фoнoлoгичecким и мopфoлoгичecким. He caмoм дeлe, знaчeниe кaждoгo из этиx нaвыкoв для cтaнoвлeния чтeния нa apaбcкoм языкe вeликo и eгo eщe пpeдcтoит ocмыcлить. Дaнный oбзop литepaтypы пpeдпpинят, чтoбы oпpeдeлить, в кaкoй cтeпeни дeти, кoтopыe yчaтcя читaть пo‐apaбcки, пoльзyютcя opфoгpaфичecкими, фoнoлoгичecкими и мopфoлoгичecкими нaвыкaми пpи пpoизнeceнии cлoв. Mы тщaтeльнo изyчили нayчнyю литepaтypy и выявили 12 иccлeдoвaний, пocвящeнныx этим тpeм нaвыкaм и иx cooтнoшeнию c yмeниeм шкoльникoв paзныx вoзpacтныx гpyпп вплoть дo 12 клacca читaть apaбcкиe cлoвa. Пoдлeкcичecкиe opфoгpaфичecкиe нaвыки дeйcтвитeльнo cвязaны c чтeниeм apaбcкиx cлoв, ocoбeннo тeкcтoв c oглacoвкaми. Oднaкo фoнoлoгичecкиe нaвыки в этиx cитyaцияx зaдeйcтвoвaны кyдa cильнee: в нaчaльнoй шкoлe, c 1 пo 5 клacc, oни paбoтaют пpи чтeнии любыx тeкcтoв – c oглacoвкaми и бeз oглacoвoк. Mopфoлoгичecким нaвыкaм пocвящeнo oчeнь мaлo иccлeдoвaний, нo для пpoдвинyтыx читaтeлeй ecть дoкaзaтeльcтвa cвязи чтeния cлoв c пoнимaниeм иx мopфoлoгичecкoй cтpyктypы. Aвтopы oбcyждaют знaчeниe пoлyчeнныx peзyльтaтoв в кoнтeкcтe coздaния двyx нaциoнaльныx yчeбныx плaнoв пo oбyчeнию чтeнию нa apaбcкoм языкe.
French
L'enseignement habituel de la lecture en arabe met fortement l'accent sur les compétences orthographiques et très peu sur les compétences phonologiques et morphologiques. Toutefois, on ne connaît guère le rôle que joue chaque compétence dans le développement de la lecture. Le but de cette revue de question est de voir jusqu’à quel point les enfants qui apprennent à lire en arabe font appel à des compétences orthographiques, phonologiques et morphologiques quand ils lisent des mots arabes. Nous avons effectué une recherche exhaustive de la littérature et localisé 12 recherches portant sur les relations entre ces trois compétences et la lecture des mots arabes chez des élèves du jardin d'enfants à la 12e année. Les compétences phonologiques sont celles qui des trois sont le plus en relation avec la lecture des mots arabes, tant pour les textes avec que sans voyelles, et ce de la 1e à la 5e année. Les compétences morphologiques n'ont été examinées que dans très peu de recherches, mais elles présentent des faits en faveur d'une association avec la lecture des mots en arabe chez les lecteurs avancés. Nous discutons des implications de ces faits en relation avec le plan de deux programmes nationaux pour les débuts de l'enseignement de la lecture en arabe.
Journal Article
How Do I Write...? Scaffolding Preschoolers' Early Writing Skills
by
Gerde, Hope K.
,
Tortorelli, Laura S.
,
Cabell, Sonia Q.
in
Achievement gap
,
Alphabets
,
as inquiry
2013
Providing preschoolers with rich writing experiences can help to lay a foundation for their later reading and writing success. Early writing experiences can be greatly enhanced by how preschool teachers answer young children's questions about writing and engage them in productive writing instruction. With appropriate scaffolding, early writing provides support for children's overall literacy development. Taking an individualized approach to writing instruction allows teachers to capitalize on children's literacy skills at each level of development. This article provides a framework for teachers to evaluate and understand the writing that young children produce and research‐based guidance on how to shape instruction in response to each child's strengths. Scenarios are presented to illustrate the varied child‐centered responses teachers can use to support and develop foundational literacy skills through writing across typical preschool classroom contexts (i.e., centers, journals, morning message).
Journal Article
A Spectrographically Grounded Scale for Evaluating Reading Expressiveness
by
Groff, Carolyn
,
Kuhn, Melanie R.
,
Benjamin, Rebekah George
in
Accuracy
,
as inquiry
,
Assessment
2013
This study evaluated the validity of a new scale for assessing children's reading fluency skill called the Comprehensive Oral Reading Fluency Scale (CORFS). The CORFS consists of two subscales that capture key elements of the Kuhn, Schwanenflugel, and Meisinger (2010) definition of reading fluency: reading expression, reading rate, and accuracy. In study 1, the reading expression subscale was developed by examining spectrographically measured prosodie differences in the oral readings of children with varying fluency skill. Three experts independently rated the oral readings of 59 second-grade children using the CORFS. Intraclass correlations among raters were strong for both reading expression, and reading rate and accuracy. Expression ratings correlated with all but one spectrographic indicator of reading prosody and highly with standardized assessments of reading fluency and comprehension. In study 2, the structure of the scale was replicated using spectrographic measures of the oral readings of 60 third-grade children reading two new texts. Two experts independently rated these oral readings using a final version of the scale. Results were comparable to those of study 1. Together, these results support the validity of the CORFS as an assessment of reading fluency.
Journal Article
Growing Extraordinary Writers: Leadership Decisions to Raise the Level of Writing Across a School and a District
2016
Increasingly, school leaders recognize the need for writing instruction to become a schoolwide priority. The writers’ workshop approach that was popularized 30 years ago is still relevant; it is still important to give students protected time to write, opportunities to address topics and audiences that matter, and timely feedback. Recent research emphasizes that students also benefit from explicit instruction in the craft and structure of specific types of writing and from working toward clear images of good writing. Teachers can accelerate students’ growth by developing shared expectations for good writing and a common language for talking about writing. Clear goals are important for teachers, too. Shared knowledge of effective writing instruction and ways to track writing growth over time lift the level of instruction across a school, supporting teacher‐to‐teacher collaboration. When student growth is regarded as feedback to teachers on their teaching, assessment‐based instruction helps schools participate in continuous improvement.
Journal Article
Don't Believe the Hype: Hip-Hop Literacies and English Education
2016
Current scholarship suggests that many youths identify with hip‐hop, especially youths of color. Study of this artistic form has been suggested as a means of helping youths acquire and become fluent in literacy practices. This article explores how the use of a hip‐hop literacies curriculum addressed the literacy skills of urban ninth‐grade English students while helping them contextualize the significance of their in‐school and out‐of‐school literacy experiences. The article explains the connections between literacies and hip‐hop–based education, illustrates how hip‐hop can serve as a culturally responsive and rigorous pedagogical tool in the English classroom, and shares students' views on the use of such curriculum.
Journal Article
A Kindergartner's Emergent Strategy Use During Wordless Picture Book Reading
2015
Decades of research in emergent reading demonstrate that children don't come to print reading as if it were a completely new activity. Emergent reading practices such as wordless book reading are often seen as precursors to the meaning making that comes later during print reading. Yet often, the specific strategies noted in children's emergent readings are seen as distinct, and not readily linked to those they will use later in more mature print reading. In this article, we examine the strategy use of one kindergartener as she engages in wordless book reading. Using Clay's overarching idea of monitoring and the related strategies of searching, cross‐checking, self‐correcting and rereading, we analyze children's wordless book readings for “print like” strategy use. We suggest that wordless book reading is an underutilized context for developing emergent comprehension prior to a focus on decoding.
Journal Article
Effects of Written and Auditory Language-Processing Skills on Written Passage Comprehension in Middle and High School Students
2016
The authors assessed 4,865 middle and high school students for the ability to recognize and understand written and spoken morphologically simple words, morphologically complex words, and the syntactic structure of sentences and for the ability to answer questions about facts presented in a written passage and to make inferences based on those facts. Factor analysis of combined accuracy and reaction time results for the tests of simple words, complex words, and sentences resulted in three factors in both the auditory and written modalities, reflecting recognition of forms of simple and complex words, understanding of simple and complex words, and recognition of the structure and understanding the meaning of sentences. Structural equation models showed direct effects of these factors in both modalities on written passage comprehension. The results provide evidence that skills in processing language in the written modality are separate from, although related to, skills in auditory language processing and are important determinants of comprehension of written passages in middle and high school.
Chinese
本文作者评估了4,865名初中和高中学生若干方面的能力:在书面和口语方面对构词简单和复杂的词语以及句子句法结构的认识能力和理解能力,回答书面文章中有关事实问题的能力,以及基于这些事实而作出推理的能力。简单词语、复杂词语和句子结构的准确度和反应时间综合测试结果,经因子分析后,显示出在听觉和书面两种模式中的三个因子,分别为对简单和复杂单词形式的认识,对简单和复杂词汇的理解,以及对句子结构的认识和句子含义的理解。结构方程模型显示出这些因子在两种模式中对文章理解的直接影响。本研究结果提供证据证明,书面文章中的语言处理技能,虽然与听觉语言处理技能有关,但可与之分开,而且是初中和高中生理解书面文章的重要决定因素。
Spanish
Los autores evaluaron 4,865 estudiantes de escuelas intermedias y secundarias para determinar su habilidad de reconocer y entender palabras, escritas u orales, que eran morfológicamente sencillas, morfológicamente complejas y la estructura sintáctica de oraciones, y la habilidad de contestar preguntas sobre hechos presentados en un pasaje escrito y hacer inferencias basadas en dichos hechos. El análisis factorial de los resultados de la combinación de precisión y tiempo para reaccionar en los exámenes de las palabras sencillas, palabras complejas, y oraciones resultó en tres factores en ambas modalidades, la oral y la escrita, mostrando el reconocimiento de las formas de las palabras sencillas y complejas, el entendimiento de palabras sencillas y complejas, y el reconocimiento de la estructura y el entendimiento del sentido de las oraciones. Modelos de la ecuación estructural mostraron que estos factores tenían efectos directos en ambas modalidades sobre la comprensión de pasajes escritos. Los resultados son evidencia de que las destrezas de procesar el lenguaje en la modalidad escrita son diferentes de, aunque relacionadas a, las destrezas del procesamiento del lenguaje oral y son determinantes importantes de la comprensión de pasajes escritos en las escuelas intermedias y secundarias.
Arabic
قام المؤلفين بتقييم 4865 طلاب من المدارس المتوسطة والثانوية على قدرتهم على إدراك وفهم الكلمات المكتوبة والمنطوقة ذات التركيب البسيط، والكلمات المعقدة التركيب، وتركيب الجمل النحوي، وقدرتهم على إجابة أسئلة حول الوقائع المعروضة في الفقرة المكتوبة والوصول لاستنتاجات بناءً على تلك الوقائع. تحليل مشترك لعاملي الإتقان والسرعة الإجابة على إمتحان الكلمات البسيطة والمعقدة، والجمل أسفرت على ثلاثة عوامل في كل من طرائق السمع والكتابة عكس قدرة الاستيعاب لأشكال الكلمات البسيطة والمعقدة، والتعرف على التركيب الهيكلي، وفهم معاني الجمل. أظهرت نماذج المعادلة الهيكلية آثار مباشرة لهذه العوامل في كل من الطرائق فهم الفقرات المكتوبة. توفر النتائج دليلاً على أن المهارات في معالجة اللغة في الطرائق المكتوبة منفصلة عن (على الرغم من أنها تتصل بـ) المهارات في معالجة اللغة السمعية وهي المحددات الهامة لفهم الفقرات المكتوبة في المدارس المتوسطة والثانوية.
Russian
Авторы оценили способность учеников средних и старших классов (всего 4865 человек) узнавать и понимать в устном и письменном виде слова с морфологически простой и сложной структурой, а также синтаксическую структуру предложений. Кроме того, оценивалась способность ответить на вопросы по прочитанному отрывку текста и сделать из него выводы. Факторный анализ общей точности и время реакции для тестов на простые и сложные слова и предложения выявили следующие факторы их восприятия как в устном, так и в письменном виде: распознавание и понимание простых и сложных слов, распознавание структуры предложений и понимание их смысла. Моделирование структурными уравнениями подтверждает прямое влияние этих факторов на способность ответить на вопросы и сделать выводы из прочитанного текста. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что навыки восприятия слов и предложений в письменной форме хотя и связаны с восприятием на слух, но являются отдельными навыками и от них в значительной степени зависит понимание прочитанного в средней и старшей школе.
French
Les auteurs ont évalué 4.865 élèves de collège et lycée sur leur capacité à reconnaître et comprendre à l’écrit et à l'oral des mots simples morphologiquement, des mots morphologiquement complexes, la structure syntaxique de phrases, ainsi que leur capacité à répondre à des questions sur des faits présentés dans un passage écrit et à faire des inferences à partir de ces faits. L'analyse factorielle de résultats combinant exactitude et temps de réaction à des mots simples, des mots complexes et des phrases fait apparaître trois facteurs pour les deux modalités écrite et orale qui reflètent la reconnaissance des mots simples et complexes, la reconnaissance de la structure et la compréhension du sens des phrases. Les modèles d'analyse structurale montrent un effet direct de ces facteurs dans les deux modalités sur la compréhension du passage écrit. Ces résultats prouvent que les compétences pour le traitement du langage à l’écrit sont distinctes, quoique liées, aux compétences de traitement de l'oral et sont des déterminants importants de la compréhension de passages écrits au collège et au lycée.
Journal Article
When Stories Don't Make Sense
2015
Assessing children's narratives through the lens of intertexual process makes visible children's funds of knowledge. The authors describe two interrelated alternative assessments that teachers can use to make sense of young children's narratives in classroom settings. Implications for promoting an intertextually‐rich environment based on such assessments are also discussed.
Journal Article
Seeking a Balance: Discussion Strategies That Foster Reading With Authorial Empathy
This study investigates the extent to which students' use of different discussion strategies fosters a balance between attending to the technical elements of authored texts and responding empathetically. Because small‐group discussion is a common approach to literary study, the analysis focuses on two small‐group discussions of “Charlie Howard's Descent,” Mark Doty's poem about the murder of a young gay man by other young men in his community. The two discussions were parsed into episodes that were scored according to the extent that they displayed balance. Then, each student turn was analyzed in terms of the discussion strategies employed. The analysis suggests that the strategies of searching for meaning, contextualizing, and interpreting contribute to the most balanced readings. Noting author's craft can lead to overly technical readings, although it has the potential to be paired with other strategies to facilitate a more balanced discussion.
Journal Article
Reconfiguring the Reading Experience: Using Pop-Culture Texts to Shift Reading Narratives
2016
Most people have struggled with reading in one situation or another, depending on their appreciation for the content, their prior experiences, and the texts. This department column shares ways for educators to help literacy learners unlock their potential with instruction anchored in their skills, knowledge, ways of learning, interests, and attitudes.
Journal Article