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This article examines the impact of Phoenix’s light rail system, which opened in 2008, on new firm formation in specific industries. Individual business data from 1990–2014 are used in a quasi-experimental adjusted-interrupted time series (AITS) regression to compare the impact of the transit system’s construction on new business starts in ‘treatment’ and ‘control’ areas before and after the opening of the line. Findings show that the transit adjacency is worth an 88% increase in knowledge sector new starts, a 40% increase in service sector new starts and a 28% increase in retail new starts at the time the system opened, when compared with automobile-accessible control areas. However, the light rail also appears to suffer from a ‘novelty factor’ – after the initial increase in new establishment activity in adjacent block groups, the effect diminishes at the rate of 8%, 6% and 7% per year, respectively. The results also provide insight into the spatial extent of light rail impacts to new business formation, with areas 1 mile from stations observing 21% fewer retail new business starts and 12% fewer knowledge sector new starts than areas within a quarter of a mile of stations. 本文考察了亚利桑那州凤凰城 2008 年开通的轻轨对特定产业新公司组建的影响。我们在准实 验性的调整-中断时间序列(AITS)回归中运用1990-2014年的各企业数据，比较了轻轨开通前后 轨道交通体系建设对“影响” 区和“参照” 区新企业创立的影响。研宄结果表明，在轻轨开通 时，与依赖汽车的参照区相比，临近轨道交通站使知识型行业的新创企业增加了 88% , 使服务 业新创企业增加了 40% , 使零售业新创企业增加了 28%。但是，轻轨看来也受“新奇因素”的 影响一一临近轨道交通站的区域组经历了最初的新创企业增长后，其效应随后分别以每年 8%、6% 和 7% 的速度递减。研宄结果也说明了轻轨影响新企业组建的空间范围一一距离轨道交通站 1 英里范围的区域与距离轨道交通站 1/4 英里范围的区域相比，零售业新增企业要少 21% , 知识型行业新增企业要少12%。

Recent literature argues that many transit-oriented development (TOD) projects have failed because their approaches focus on “one-size-fits-all” technical provisions and/or pay little attention to local socio-cultural suitability. Through a sociological institutionalism lens, this article examines how the local socio-cultural characteristics of people reshape mobility culture in transit areas and lead to the potential emergence of locally based TOD concepts. Our discussions are guided by the socio-cultural mobility analysis framework, an extended version of the original mobility culture theory. This analytical framework divides mobility culture into land use, housing, and transport dimensions. Five TOD potential areas located in the periphery of Greater Jakarta, Indonesia, are presented as a research window in which data and information are collected through a mixture of primary surveys and documentary reviews. This article reveals that housing preference emerges as the most important aspect of reshaping mobility culture in transit areas in Indonesia.

Numerous metropolises worldwide have adopted transit-oriented development (TOD) as a sustainable urban development tactic. And the node-place model is the most commonly used model for TOD typology. However, the spatial vitality, one of the most fundamental aspects of TOD, has not been systematically taken into account in the node-place model. Therefore, this article introduces vitality as a third dimension into node-place model and develops the node-place-vitality (NPV) model, aiming to comprehensively re-classify and re-evaluate TOD performance. The independent weight coefficient method is used to compute place values, node values, vitality values, and overall TOD degree. Moreover, the categorization of TOD typologies makes use of the K-means++ clustering approach. The model is employed in a case study in Wuhan, China. The results show that the TOD degree exhibits a spatial discrepancy, characterized as “high-medium-low” from the center to the periphery, not only in the whole city but also in the three towns. The geographical characteristics of TOD degree within station catchment area are revealed by the heat map. Five TOD types are identified and they present obvious spatial differentiation. The approach proposed in this paper furnishes urban planners and decision-makers with a scientific instrument for assisting TOD planning and strategies designing.

This study investigates the determinants of user satisfaction in last-mile connectivity (LMC) within the framework of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in Tier 2 Indian cities. With increasing urban sprawl and a growing need for efficient multimodal integration, understanding LMC user experience is critical. A structured survey was administered to 400 respondents across Jaipur, Bhopal, Coimbatore, and Nagpur, focusing on accessibility, affordability, safety, reliability, comfort, and overall satisfaction. Using reliability tests and exploratory factor analysis, the study identifies key latent constructs influencing satisfaction. Results show that safety, accessibility, and reliability are the strongest predictors of positive LMC experiences. Income and gender also influence satisfaction levels. Given the urgent need for low-emission, climate-resilient transport systems, the findings provide policymakers with actionable insights to enhance LMC and promote sustainable, climate-conscious urban mobility within TOD frameworks in emerging cities.

This research measures the influence of transit-oriented development (TOD) on the San Diego, CA, condominium market. Many view TOD as a key element in creating a less auto dependent and more sustainable transport system. Price premiums indicate a potential for a market-driven expansion of TOD inventory. A hedonic price model is estimated to isolate statistically the effect of TOD. This includes interaction terms between station distance and various measures of pedestrian orientation. The resulting model shows that station proximity has a significantly stronger impact when coupled with a pedestrian-oriented environment. Conversely, station area condominiums in more auto-oriented environments may sell at a discount. This indicates that TOD has a synergistic value greater than the sum of its parts. It also implies a healthy demand for more TOD housing in San Diego.

Over the past three decades, Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), with transit as its central tenet, has emerged as a pivotal urban policy driving sustainable and intelligent urban growth, drawing significant attention from researchers and practitioners worldwide. TOD involves creating high-density, mixed-use, pedestrian-friendly urban areas around transit stations to enhance transit accessibility, promote social cohesion, and improve housing conditions. However, the global implementation of TOD has encountered challenges across various domains including transportation, housing, and employment, thereby exacerbating inequities within the built environment. This study adopts a TOD perspective to comprehensively review the equity impacts of urban rail transit (URT) station areas on the built environment, with a particular focus on social, travel, perception, health, and spatial dimensions, and their impacts on promoting or hindering equitable outcomes among diverse societal groups. Utilizing a scoping review methodology, the study encapsulates the progress and themes in the field, employing a systematic approach to meticulously analyze the outcomes of each research theme. The findings reveal that URT station areas have positive impacts on economic growth and property values. However, they can also contribute to gentrification, exacerbating disparities between different societal groups in station and non-station areas, along with an unequal distribution of resources and opportunities. Additionally, while these station areas encourage pedestrian activity and public transportation usage, they also carry the potential for environmental pollution, raising concerns about spatial accessibility and facility convenience, thereby impacting environmental equity. This study employs comprehensive and critical theoretical analyses, utilizing intricate methods and detailed indicators, to elucidate disparities in equity outcomes of URT station areas across different societal groups. The crucial challenge in future research lies in integrating the concept of equity into TOD planning strategies. This study aims to provide standardized and harmonized criteria for guiding equitable TOD planning policies, thereby enhancing the scientific basis and effectiveness of planning strategies. Ultimately, it seeks to offer theoretical insights towards the creation of a more equitable and inclusive urban built environment in the future.

Urbanization, typically in Asia, faces an ever-increasing trend leading to various problems affecting urban areas. Challenges in achieving a sustainable and resilient urban setting has become increasingly difficult, with Urban Heat Island (UHI) as one of the leading causes. Non-sustainable and resilient lifestyle of urban dwellers has led to an increase in UHI intensity. Solutions are then proposed in each sector, as TOD has emerged as a solution in the transportation sector making it more efficient and sustainable. However, TOD impact on UHI is still rarely explored. This research analyzes the influence of some of the key variables in indicating UHI in Jakarta City. The result shows that NDVI and NDBI have an opposite influence in UHI, as increase in vegetation helps reduce UHI and built-up increase UHI intensity, it is especially sensitive in TOD areas. LOS shows a relatively uniform negative influence in all areas, with the largest impact in Affected TOD. This research emphasizes the importance of good planning in TOD development to reduce the UHI effect, as well as the need to increase green open spaces and efficient public transportation systems. These findings provide valuable insights for policy makers in designing effective UHI mitigation strategies in Jakarta.

Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been widely accepted in recent years as an important urban development policy. This article reviews the existing TOD literature pertinent to conditions in China, introduces TOD practices in China, and evaluates land development impacts of TOD across 50 Chinese cities that either have metro systems already or expect to have operating metro systems by 2020. The evaluation analysis contributes to the existing literature because most research on TOD in Chinese cities has focused on large, national or provincial capitals such as Beijing, Shanghai, and/or Guangzhou. Based on simulation analysis, we evaluate TOD's land development impacts across all Chinese cities that are expected to have metro systems by 2020. Our results show that the second- as well as the third-class cities of China will have more potential for TOD implementation than the first-class cities in the next five years.

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is considered to be a powerful model intended to achieve sustainable urban development. A well-designed TOD enhances the accessibility of different kinds of activities, reduces transportation costs and improves the comfort and safety of travel for the neighbourhood as whole, thereby increasing the willingness to pay for real estate properties located nearby. This study examines the housing price premiums of bus transit-oriented development (BTOD), a particular type of TOD that has become quite common in practice, especially in cities where public transportation is provided primarily through a bus system instead of a metro or light rail system. BTOD projects are built at major nodes of a bus network and typically include housing units and commercial services. Our research focuses on four completed BTODs in the Seattle metropolitan area, and employs data on sales prices, physical attributes, neighbourhood characteristics and location features for almost 7000 single-family homes located within a 1.5-mile radius. Using Hedonic price analysis, we find that these BTODs have generated significant positive effects on the values of adjacent homes, especially those located within 0.5 miles. Results from a more sophisticated longitudinal analysis using the data for Renton, one of the BTODs, confirm the price premiums while gaining additional insights about the temporal variations. These findings have an important policy implication, which is especially relevant for cities with an extensive bus transit system: local governments can generate additional tax revenues while advancing sustainability through bus transit-oriented developments. 公交导向式开发 (TOD) 被认为是旨在实现城市可持续发展的一种强大模式。精心设计的 TOD 增强了各种活动的可及性，降低了交通成本，提高了整个街区的出行舒适度和安全性，从而增加了人们对附近房地产的支付意愿。本研宄考察了公共汽车导向式开发 (BTOD) 带来的住房溢价。 BTOD 是特定类型的 TOD, 在现实中已经变得相当普遍，特别 是在主要通过公共汽车系统而不是地铁或轻轨系统提供公共交通的城市。 BTOD 项目建 在公交车网络的主要节点上，通常包括住房单元和商业服务。我们的研宄重点是西雅图大 都会地区四个完整的 BTOD, 并运用了距离 1.5 英里半径范围内的近 7,000 家单户住宅的 销售价格、物理属性、街区特征和位置特征数据。我们使用特征价格分析，发现这些 BTOD 对周边房屋的价值产生了显著的积极影响，特别是位于 0.5 英里距离内的房屋。通过使用其中一个 BTOD 项目 Renton 的数据进行更精细的纵向分析，结果确认了溢价，同 时获得了关于时间性变化的更多洞见。这些发现具有重要的政策意义，这对于拥有广泛的 公共汽车交通系统的城市尤为重要：地方政府可以通过公共汽车导向式开发推动可持续发 展，从而增加税收。

This paper defines critical success conditions in transit-oriented development (TOD), evaluating the impact of practices, policies, and governance models on implementation. As part of a meta-analysis of 11 international case studies, 16 critical success factors were developed and validated using rough set analysis. The results show that political stability at the national level, relationships between actors in the region, interdisciplinary teams used to implement TOD, and public participation are the most significant success factors in TOD implementation. The set of decision rules reveals that several combinations of critical success factors have been effective in achieving implementation across city-regions in different contexts.