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"Triangulation."
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High-Speed and High-Precision Algorithm for LCCD-Based Triangulation Height Measurement
To achieve high-speed and high-precision measurements, this study introduces a height measurement system based on LCCD and optical triangulation that utilizes a gray-scale centroid algorithm for sub-pixel positioning. Ultimately, the system achieves a resolution of 10 nm, a repeatability of 15 nm, and a stability of 7.8 nm, by setting up an experimental system in the laboratory.
Journal Article
An eye-tracking approach to mathematical modelling: Investigating the use of function graphs in describing basic movement
Mathematical modelling is a central skill emphasized in mathematics curricula and a core topic in physics education. This study presents an excerpt from a broader investigation into students’ understanding of functions, focusing specifically on function graphs as tools for describing motion. Employing methodological triangulation - including questionnaires, eye tracking technology, and open-ended in-depth interviews - the study examines how students understand the graph of a daily life movement, specifically walking up stairs. The analysis identifies key difficulties and misconceptions. Although all students demonstrated competence in “reading the data” and “reading between the data,” a majority were unable to correctly identify the graph corresponding to the motion. Various interpretations emerged, with most incorrect responses stemming from a “graph as picture” misconception - where students conflated the graph with either the trajectory of movement or the physical design of the stairs. The findings also reveal a deficiency in covariational thinking among some participants. These insights underscore the importance of developing targeted instructional strategies to enhance conceptual understanding and covariational reasoning in the interpretation of function graphs.
Journal Article
Mendelian randomization
Mendelian randomization (MR) is a term that applies to the use of genetic variation to address causal questions about how modifiable exposures influence different outcomes. The principles of MR are based on Mendel's laws of inheritance and instrumental variable estimation methods, which enable the inference of causal effects in the presence of unobserved confounding. In this Primer, we outline the principles of MR, the instrumental variable conditions underlying MR estimation and some of the methods used for estimation. We go on to discuss how the assumptions underlying an MR study can be assessed and give methods of estimation that are robust to certain violations of these assumptions. We give examples of a range of studies in which MR has been applied, the limitations of current methods of analysis and the outlook for MR in the future. The difference between the assumptions required for MR analysis and other forms of non-interventional epidemiological studies means that MR can be used as part of a triangulation across multiple sources of evidence for causal inference.
Journal Article
Visual Localization of the Tianwen-1 Lander Using Orbital, Descent and Rover Images
Tianwen-1, China’s first Mars exploration mission, was successfully landed in the southern part of Utopia Planitia on 15 May 2021 (UTC+8). Timely and accurately determining the landing location is critical for the subsequent mission operations. For timely localization, the remote landmarks, selected from the panorama generated by the earliest received Navigation and Terrain Cameras (NaTeCam) images, were matched with the Digital Orthophoto Map (DOM) generated by high resolution imaging camera (HiRIC) images to obtain the initial result based on the triangulation method. Then, the initial localization result was refined by the descent images received later and the NaTeCam DOM. Finally, the lander location was determined to be (25.066°N, 109.925°E). Verified by the new orbital image with the lander and Zhurong rover visible, the localization accuracy was within a pixel of the HiRIC DOM.
Journal Article
Inclusion of the Local Geodetic Network in the National Geodetic Network
The geodetic points that form the national geodetic network cover large areas, and the accuracy of their determination is a function of the distances between them. In mining areas, a local geodetic network superior in precision to the national geodetic network is required. However, it is necessary to include the geodetic points that form the local network in the national geodetic network. The present work represents the methodology for solving the mentioned purpose.
Journal Article
Mariborska triangulacijska baza z bazno mrežo skozi čas
V njej smo poljudnoznanstveno in slikovno predstavili lego in videz geodetskih točk baze in njene mreže, pojasnili, čemu je služila in zakaj je za Slovenijo pomembna. Med pripravo knjižice je bilo raziskane veliko literature in pridobljena so bila nova spoznanja, ki so bila vanjo vključena v omejenem obsegu. Leta 1806 se je namreč pričela astronomsko-trigonometrična izmera celotnega Avstrijskega cesarstva, ki je bila osnova za drugo vojaško geodetsko izmero in hkrati podlaga za načrtovani zemljiški kataster. Vorarlberg) v letih 1851-1854 je bil dokončan obsežen program baznih meritev (nem. V arhivu Geodetske uprave Republike Slovenije je ohranjen zapis, da so meritve potekale od 28. septembra do 14. oktobra 1860, dolžina pa je znašala 5697,405056 metra. 3 Mariborska baza in njena mreža Mariborska baza in njena mreža so s poljudnoznanstvenim pristopom predstavljena v že navedeni knjižici zbirke Geodetski utrinki (Oven et al., 2024). 4 Obdobje evropskih stopinjskih merjenj (1860-1910) Z letom izmere mariborske baze (1860) se prične obdobje reambulacije trigonometrične mreže za na-men obnove katastra in nove topografske izmere ter obdobje evropskih stopinjskih merjenj. 5 Zgoščevanje trigonometričnih točk I. reda (1918-1945 V obdobju med dvema svetovnima vojnama je mariborska baza ponovno služila kot merska osnova za trigonometrične mreže I. reda na območju Kraljevine SHS in kasneje Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Za ta namen je bila bazna mreža ponovno izmerjena, ocenjena je bila njena točnost. Izmera mariborske bazne mreže je potekala v sklopu meritev, ki sta jih izvajala tedanji Oddelek za kataster pri Ministrstvu za fnance (srb. Slednja je bila del vzpostavitve trigono-metrične mreže I. reda za celotno Kraljevino SHS in kasneje Kraljevino Jugoslavijo. Meritve in izračuni koordinat so imeli tedaj velik pomen, saj je bila med letoma 1921 in 1924 privzeta Gauß-Krügerjeva projekcija meridianskih con (5., 6. in 7. cona) po vzoru tedanje Nemčije z namenom, da se vzpostavi enoten koordinatni sistem za celo državo. Ker je na območju pokrajin, ki so bile pod avsto-ogrsko monarhijo, obstajala trigonometrična mreža I. reda, ki je imela geografske koordinate že objavljene leta 1902 v Ergebnisse der Triangulation, je bila preostala mreža I. reda na območju Srbije, Črne gore in Makedonije priključena na to mrežo z namenom pridobitve eno-tnega koordinatnega sistema za celotno državo.
Journal Article