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This study aimed to evaluate the spatial accessibility of tourism attractions in the urban destination city. An analytical framework for assessing urban tourism accessibility at different spatial scales was proposed to provide references on the interaction of urban transport and tourism systems. In addition to the travel time-based measure, a modified gravity model integrating the tourism destination attractiveness, urban transport system characteristics, and tourist demand distribution was developed to evaluate tourism accessibility in this study. Real-time travel data obtained from the Web Maps service were used to take the actual road network operation conditions into consideration and improve the accuracy of estimation results. Taking Nanjing as an example, the analysis results revealed the spatial heterogeneity of tourism accessibility and inequality in tourism resource availability at different levels. Road transport service improvement plays a dominant role in increasing tourism accessibility in areas with insufficient tourism resources, such as the outskirts of the destination city. As for areas with abundant attractions, authorities could pay attention to destination attractiveness construction and demand management in addition to the organization and management of road network operations around attractions during holidays. The results of this study provide a potentially valuable source of information for urban tourism destination management and transport management departments.

Nowadays, the attraction to talents has become increasingly prodominent in determing the future development prospect of cities. How to quantify the attractiveness of cities to talents is an important issue in evaluating the comprehensive competitiveness of cities. This paper takes Xi’an and other emerging first-tier cities in China as the main research object, and classifies the indicators that affect the attractiveness of urban talents into five specific categories. A set of evaluation models are constructed by using entropy weight method, information entropy method and TOPSIS algorithm. The different indicators that measure the level of urban development are normalized and weighted to obtain the attractiveness index of urban talents to describe the attractiveness of talents in cities with similar development levels. To prove the rationality of the model, we apply this evaluation model to different cities and test its stability.

Densificar espacios urbanos implica incertidumbre en inversiones y tiempo. En el contexto de un proyecto piloto, este artículo apoyándose en una importante reducción que la Ciudad de Montreal sufrió en la población original de 1971 de su núcleo urbano primario, considera las tendencias de desarrollo 1991 – 2001 del censo oficial Canadiense, para estimar el poder de atracción probable en términos de expectativas de re-densificación que en ese núcleo el Municipio del mismo nombre (Montreal) ejercerá sobre la población en 2026 para recuperar el 100% de su demografía original. El propósito implícito es el de conocer si el proceso de planificación implantado podrá al re-densificar el centro, atenuar la desenfrenada densificación periférica. Las extrapolaciones realizadas en las poblaciones consideradas como representativas para configurar los futuros perfiles esperados, encontraron que estos oscilarán entre un 50-90% de recuperación de la base original 1971 al año 2026. El estudio concluye que el poder de atracción del Municipio de Montreal para recuperar toda su población y disminuir el crecimiento periférico será más significativo a escenarios posteriores.

تسعي هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة الأسباب الدافعة إلى هجرة المواطن من الريف اتجاه المدينة حيث تمت الدراسة بمدينة الأغواط محاولين إبراز أهم الأسباب وراء الهجرة إليها من مناطقها الريفية المتعددة ومدي تأثير ذلك سواء على المنطقة المغادر منها أو بالنسبة للمنطقة المهاجر إليها وقد تكون إيجابية بعض الأحيان، ولكنها يمكن أن تكون سلبية في الأحيان الأخرى، ففي حين يستفيد المهاجر منها في تحسين دخله أو مستواه المعيشي فأنه قد يواجه خيبة أمل نتيجة عدم تمكنه من الحصول على عمل في مكانه الجديد مما قد يضطره إلى العودة إلى المكان الأصل، أو البقاء بدون عمل لفترة طويلة قد تعرض بعضهم إلى الكسب غير المشروع أو الضغط على الخدمات الاجتماعية، وربما كان أكبر السبب في الهجرة من الريف إلى المدن، أن أفرادها يطمعون في أن يجدوا في المدن عملاً أقل جهدا ومشقة من عمل الزراعة، وفي نفس الوقت أكثر أجراً، وهذا الدافع ينشأ أغلب الأمر عند بدء صناعات جديدة في المدن تحتاج إلى أيد عاملة كثيرة ومنه انطلقنا في دراستنا من السؤال الرئيسي التالي: ما هي الأسباب التي شكلت دافعا للفرد القاطن في الريف إلى اتخاذ قرار الهجرة نحو المدينة؟.

Since the work of Hoyt in the 1930s, economic theories of urban development have stressed the primacy of manufacturing because of the existence of a regional multiplier effect. This model was extended to traded services and, in the last 10 years, to the residential and presential economy, taking into account the fact that mobile consumers and residents also bring monetary flows into regions. The city today is both a productive agglomeration and a place of living, for both local and extra-local consumers, heralding the end of the primacy of manufacturing. In this article, we go a step further and consider the primacy of other kinds of export, either based on selling competitive goods or on attracting consumers. Due to changes in globalisation and to the rise of interurban competition for spending, incomes earned on exports are less and less likely to be spent locally, and instead flow out, progressively invalidating the multiplier effect. Consequently, the hypothesis of this article is that the main issue for urban development theories and practices is combining competitiveness in terms of exports with attractiveness to local as well as to external consumers. In this article, we call complexity the idea of pushing aside the focus on exports in order to understand the tensions and synergies between all activities and populations present within the urban space. In order to formulate new research questions, we build a typology of urban income flows and activities. 自从霍伊特 (Hoyt) 在20世纪30年代开展其研究工作以来，城市发展的经济理论一直强调制造业的首要地位，因为存在区域乘数效应。考虑到流动消费者和流动居民也会给地区带来货币流入这一事实，这一模式已被扩展到服务贸易，并在过去10年中扩展到住宅经济和旅游经济。对于本地和外来消费者来说，今天的城市既是一个生产集聚地，也是一个生活场所，这宣告了制造业主导地位的终结。我们在本文中更进一步，考虑其他类型出口的重要性，这些出口或者基于销售有竞争力的商品，或者基于吸引消费者。由于全球化带来的变化和城市间消费竞争的加剧，出口收入越来越不太可能在本地消费，而是流出，从而使乘数效应逐渐失效。因此，本文的观点是，城市发展理论和实践的主要课题是将出口竞争力与对本地和外来消费者的吸引力结合起来。在本文中，我们呈现了这样一种思想的复杂性：把焦点从出口上面挪开，从而理解城市空间中所有活动和人口之间的紧张关系和协同作用。为了阐明新的研究问题，我们建立了城市收入流动和活动的类型学。

1. Artificial lights have become an integral and welcome part of our urban and peri-urban environments. However, recent research has highlighted the potentially negative ecological consequences of ubiquitous artificial light. In particular, insects, especially moths, are expected to be negatively impacted by the presence of artificial lights. Previous research with light traps has shown a male-biased attraction to light in moths. 2. In this study, we sought to determine whether street lights could limit moth dispersal and whether there was any sex bias in attraction to light. More specifically, we aimed to determine sex-specific attraction radii for moths to street lights. 3. We tested these hypotheses by collecting moths for 2 years at an experimental set-up. To estimate the attraction radii, we developed a Markov model and related it to the acquired data. 4. Utilizing multinomial statistics, we found that attraction rates to lights in the middle of the matrix were substantially lower than predicted by the null hypothesis of equal attraction level (0·44 times). With the Markov model, we estimated that a corner light was 2·77 times more attractive than a wing light with an equivalentre attraction radius of c. 23 m around each light. We found neither sexual differences in the attraction rate nor in the attraction radius of males and females. Since we captured three times more males than females, we conclude that sex ratios are representative of operational sex ratios or of different flight activities. 5. These results provide evidence for street lights to limit moth dispersal, and that they seem to act equally on male and female moths. Consequently, public lighting might divide a suitable landscape into many small habitats. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume (i) that public lighting near hedges and bushes or field margins reduces the quality of these important habitat structures and (ii) that public lighting may affect moth movement between patches.