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Journal Article
Anchoring Urban Development
2021
Overview
Since the work of Hoyt in the 1930s, economic theories of urban development have stressed the primacy of manufacturing because of the existence of a regional multiplier effect. This model was extended to traded services and, in the last 10 years, to the residential and presential economy, taking into account the fact that mobile consumers and residents also bring monetary flows into regions. The city today is both a productive agglomeration and a place of living, for both local and extra-local consumers, heralding the end of the primacy of manufacturing. In this article, we go a step further and consider the primacy of other kinds of export, either based on selling competitive goods or on attracting consumers. Due to changes in globalisation and to the rise of interurban competition for spending, incomes earned on exports are less and less likely to be spent locally, and instead flow out, progressively invalidating the multiplier effect. Consequently, the hypothesis of this article is that the main issue for urban development theories and practices is combining competitiveness in terms of exports with attractiveness to local as well as to external consumers. In this article, we call complexity the idea of pushing aside the focus on exports in order to understand the tensions and synergies between all activities and populations present within the urban space. In order to formulate new research questions, we build a typology of urban income flows and activities.
自从霍伊特 (Hoyt) 在20世纪30年代开展其研究工作以来，城市发展的经济理论一直强调制造业的首要地位，因为存在区域乘数效应。考虑到流动消费者和流动居民也会给地区带来货币流入这一事实，这一模式已被扩展到服务贸易，并在过去10年中扩展到住宅经济和旅游经济。对于本地和外来消费者来说，今天的城市既是一个生产集聚地，也是一个生活场所，这宣告了制造业主导地位的终结。我们在本文中更进一步，考虑其他类型出口的重要性，这些出口或者基于销售有竞争力的商品，或者基于吸引消费者。由于全球化带来的变化和城市间消费竞争的加剧，出口收入越来越不太可能在本地消费，而是流出，从而使乘数效应逐渐失效。因此，本文的观点是，城市发展理论和实践的主要课题是将出口竞争力与对本地和外来消费者的吸引力结合起来。在本文中，我们呈现了这样一种思想的复杂性：把焦点从出口上面挪开，从而理解城市空间中所有活动和人口之间的紧张关系和协同作用。为了阐明新的研究问题，我们建立了城市收入流动和活动的类型学。
