Catalogue Search | MBRL
Are you sure you want to remove the book from the shelf?
{{itemTitle}}
3,531
result(s) for
"URBAN DEVELOPMENT NATURAL DISASTERS"
Sort by:
Urban resilience and climate change in the MENA region
\"This book provides an overview of the geopolitical context and climate change risk profile of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region. Mapping existing scientific literature and key reports on MENA climate change impacts and future projections, Charles Egbu and Nuha Eltinay establish links between the COP26 regional climate adaptation financing targets, national government investments and local case-studies. They also address gaps in Disaster Risk Reduction institutional governance in the region. The authors move beyond the existing theoretical understanding of urban resilience to investigate how it is being measured and assessed in MENA in alignment with the IPCC's climate change adaptation indicators. Finally, they explore how the vulnerabilities of the communities most in need are being measured and integrated into cities' resilience action plans and national disaster risk policies. Providing guidance and policy recommendations based on empirical research and key stakeholder engagement observations, this book will be of great interest to students, scholars and professionals who are researching and working in the areas of climate change, urban planning and environmental policy and governance\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Understanding the economic and financial impacts of natural disasters
This report explores the macro-economic and public finance implications of natural disasters, including the role of information and mechanisms for risk spreading, and drawing in particular on evidence from Bangladesh, Dominica and Malawi.Major natural disasters can have severe negative short-run economic and budgetary impacts. Disasters also appear to have adverse longer-term consequences for economic growth, development and poverty reduction. However, negative impacts are not inevitable: sensitivity to natural hazards is determined by a complex, dynamic set of influences. Vulnerability can shift rapidly, especially in countries experiencing economic transformation - rapid growth, urbanization, and related technical and social changes. The report concludes that in order to stem the rising cost of natural disasters globally, hazard risk management concerns need to be integrated into longer-term national investment policies and development strategies and appropriately reflected in the allocation of financial resources, including medium-term financial planning. The generation and dissemination of quality, reliable scientific information should be supported as part of this process. In addition, assessment of the economic and financial impacts of disasters should be extended to include a full reassessment 18 to 24 months after an event, generating vital information on the nature of impacts and underlying causal factors.
eBook
Climate change, disaster risk, and the urban poor : cities building resilience for a changing world
Poor people living in slums are at particularly high risk from the impacts of climate change and natural hazards. They live on the most vulnerable land within cities, typically areas deemed undesirable by others and thus affordable. This study analyzes the key challenges facing the urban poor, given the risks associated with climate change and disasters, particularly with regard to the delivery of basic services, and identifies strategies and financing opportunities for addressing these risks. The main audience for this study includes mayors and other city managers, national governments, donors, and practitioners in the fields of climate change, disaster-risk management, and urban development. The work is part of a broader program under the Mayor's task force on climate change, disaster risk and the urban poor. The study is organized in four chapters covering: 1) a broad look at climate change and disaster risk in cities of the developing world, with particular implications for the urban poor; 2) analysis of the vulnerability of the urban poor; 3) discussion of recommended approaches for building resilience for the urban poor; and 4) review of the financing opportunities for covering investments in basic services and other needs associated with climate and disaster risk.
eBook
Disaster risk, climate change, and poverty: assessing the global exposure of poor people to floods and droughts
People living in poverty are particularly vulnerable to shocks, including those caused by natural disasters such as floods and droughts. This paper analyses household survey data and hydrological riverine flood and drought data for 52 countries to find out whether poor people are disproportionally exposed to floods and droughts, and how this exposure may change in a future climate. We find that poor people are often disproportionally exposed to droughts and floods, particularly in urban areas. This pattern does not change significantly under future climate scenarios, although the absolute number of people potentially exposed to floods or droughts can increase or decrease significantly, depending on the scenario and region. In particular, many countries in Africa show a disproportionally high exposure of poor people to floods and droughts. For these hotspots, implementing risk-sensitive land-use and development policies that protect poor people should be a priority.
Journal Article
Urban resilience
Will COVID-19 end the urban renaissance that many cities have experienced since the 1980s? This essay selectively reviews the copious literature that now exists on the long-term impact of natural disasters. At this point, the long-run resilience of cities to many forms of physical destruction, including bombing, earthquakes and fires, has been well-documented. The destruction of human capital may leave a longer imprint, but cities have persisted through many plagues over the past millennia. By contrast, economic and political shocks, including deindustrialisation or the loss of capital city status, can enormously harm an urban area. These facts suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic will only significantly alter urban fortunes if it is accompanied by a major economic shift, such as widespread adoption of remote work, or political shifts that could lead businesses and the wealthy to leave urban areas. The combination of an increased ability to relocate with increased local redistribution or deterioration of local amenity levels, or both, could recreate some of the key attributes of the urban crisis of the 1970s.
新冠疫情会结束许多城市自 80 年代以来经历的城市复兴吗？本文选择性回顾了关于自然灾害长期影响的大量现有文献。目前，城市面对多种形式的物理破坏（包括爆炸、地震和火灾）的长期复原力已得到充分证明。人力资本的破坏可能会留下更长的印记，但在过去的几千年里，城市经历过许多瘟疫。相比之下，经济和政治冲击（包括去工业化或首都地位的丧失）会对城市地区造成巨大伤害。这些事实表明，只有伴随着重大的经济转变（例如远程工作的广泛采用）或可能导致企业和富人离开城市地区的政治转变，新冠疫情才会显著改变城市的命运。重新安置能力的提高与当地重新分配的增加或当地舒适度水平恶化（或两者兼而有之）相结合，可能会导致 1970 年代城市危机的一些关键特征复现。
Journal Article
Urban parks and urban problems
Why does everyone think cities can save the planet? Contemporary planning interventions promise salvation via spatial fixes that might reduce carbon emissions, boost metropolitan economies, and allow urban society to thrive in spite of rising seas and climate disasters. New wetlands, floodgates, and other adaptive infrastructures allow water to coexist with urban space; new parks, such as New York’s High Line and Chicago’s 606, celebrate the interweaving of built and natural environments and suggest how outmoded infrastructure can be repurposed for civic benefit. While the climate dilemmas at hand are historically new, the use of landscaped environments in the service of solving social problems is not. Dating to the first generation of urban park development in the 19th century, planners have deployed green spaces as solutions to various cultural, political, and economic conundrums of the city. Offering an historical parallel and counterweight to investigations of contemporary urban–environmental dynamics, this paper investigates the period of park development that occurred in the 19th century in North America and Europe, using Chicago’s Olmsted-designed South Park (the contemporary Washington and Jackson Parks) as a case study. I argue that green spaces’ distinct nexus of (1) normative cultural meanings around nature, (2) power relations bound up in dominant landscape aesthetics, and (3) direct link to the economic realm via the structuring of land values have made green space development a powerful ‘cultural fix’: a means of using social space to mitigate perceived social crises. Understanding the historical foundations of green spaces’ use as cultural fixes can inform contemporary analyses, particularly as new landscape ideologies emerge as part of broader green urbanism development and climate change adaptation strategies.
为什么每个人都认为城市可以拯救地球？当代的规划干预措施通过空间修复来承诺拯救，这些修复可能会减少碳排放，推动大都市经济，并允许城市社会蓬勃发展，尽管海平面上升和气候灾难日益严重。新的湿地、洪水闸门和其他适应性基础设施使水能够与城市空间共存；纽约High Line和芝加哥606等新公园实现了建筑环境和自然环境的交融，并说明老旧的基础设施可以怎样为公民利益重新发挥作用。 虽然目前的气候困境是有史以来前所未有的，但在解决社会问题的过程中使用景观环境并不是什么新鲜事。早在十九世纪第一代城市公园建设过程中，规划者们已将绿色空间的部署视为各种城市文化、政治和经济难题的解决方案。本文在当代城市环境动态进行研究中引入类似的历史事件作为平衡因素。作者探讨了19世纪发生在北美和欧洲的公园建设时期，并采用奥姆斯特德设计的芝加哥南方公园（相当于当代的华盛顿公园和杰克逊公园） 作为案例研究。笔者认为，绿色空间的独特之处在于：（1）围绕自然的规范性文化含义，（2）与主导景观美学紧密相连的权力关系，以及（3）通过土地价值的结构与经济领域的直接联系。这些独特之处使得绿色空间的开发成为了一种强大的“文化修复”：一种利用社会空间来减轻对社会危机的感知的手段。 了解绿色空间作为文化修复的历史基础可以为当代分析提供启示，特别是考虑到，新的景观意识形态是作为更广泛的“绿色城市化发展”和“气候变化适应战略”的一部分涌现的。
Journal Article
Social Vulnerability as Support for Disaster Management: Discussions from a Method Applied in Brazil that Strengthens the Resilience of Communities
Studies on social vulnerability have been consolidated as indispensable for understanding the risks of natural disasters, as well as for the constitution of efficient management strategies to face disasters. Using usual methodologies to determine the dimension of risks, this study presents and discusses social vulnerability at the intra-urban municipal scale, in order to contribute to the understanding of sustainability from social factors, besides subsidizing the integration between citizens and managers in a Brazilian case. Information on the criticality of populations and their disaster response capacity was considered, using public data available in a national database. The analysis of the main components and the cartographic representation of the data resulted in 24 variables, aggregated into five dimensions of analysis for criticality, and in 22 variables, which composed seven dimensions for response capacity. As a product of these two dimensions, it was observed that peripheral areas, with low income, lacking infrastructural resources and close to water bodies are the most socially vulnerable. The methodological strategy adopted can be applied at other scales of analysis. It also provides a basis for the design of actions and planning that contemplate the participation of multiple social actors for possible resilience, besides providing an opportunity for discussions on disaster vulnerability as an indispensable variable for urban sustainability.
Journal Article
Cities and the Anthropocene
The emerging ‘grand challenges’ of climate change, resource scarcity and population growth present a risk nexus to cities in the Anthropocene. This article discusses the potential that rapid urbanisation presents to help mitigate these risks through large-scale transitions if future urban development is delivered using evidence-based policies that promote regenerative urban outcomes (e.g. decarbonising energy, recycling water and waste, generating local food, integrating biodiversity). Observations from an Australian case study are used to describe urban governance approaches capable of supporting regenerative urbanism. The regenerative urbanism concept is associated with macro-scale urban and transport planning that shapes different urban fabrics (walking, transit, automobile), as the underlying infrastructure of each fabric exhibits a different performance, with automobile fabric being the least regenerative. Supporting urban systems based upon regenerative design principles at different scales (macro, meso and micro) can deliver deep and dramatic outcomes for not just reducing the impact of the grand challenges but turning them into regenerative change. In combination, these approaches form the cornerstone of regenerative cities that can address the grand challenges of the Anthropocene, while simultaneously improving livability and urban productivity to foster human flourishing.
气候变化、资源稀缺和人口增长等新出现的“巨大挑战”为人类世的城市带来了一系列风险。本文所探讨的是，如果未来的城市发展是采用以证据为基础的政策，从而促进“再生性城市”结果（如脱碳能源，水和废物循环，食品生产本地化，重回生物多样性的各个领域），快速城市化将产生的一种潜能，这种潜能可以通过大规模转变减轻这些风险。澳大利亚案例研究的观察结果用于说明能够支持再生性城市化的城市治理方法。再生性城市化概念与宏观规模的城市和交通规划相关联。城市规划形成不同的城市构造（步行，公交，私家车），而每种构造的基础设施则表现出不同的性能，私家车构造是最不具有再生性的。基于不同层面（宏观，中观和微观）的再生性设计原则支持城市系统，这可以带来深刻而显著的结果，不仅可以减少上述“巨大挑战”的影响，还可以将其转变为再生性变革。这些方法结合起来，便构成了再生性城市的基石，可以应对人类世的巨大挑战，同时提高宜居性和城市生产力，促进人类繁荣。
Journal Article
Climate change and residential electricity consumption in the Yangtze River Delta, China
Estimating the impact of climate change on energy use across the globe is essential for analysis of both mitigation and adaptation policies. Yet existing empirical estimates are concentrated in Western countries, especially the United States. We use daily data on household electricity consumption to estimate how electricity consumption would change in Shanghai in the context of climate change. For colder days <7 °C, a 1 °C increase in daily temperature reduces electricity consumption by 2.8%. On warm days >25 °C, a 1 °C increase in daily temperatures leads to a 14.5% increase in electricity consumption. As income increases, households’ weather sensitivity remains the same for hotter days in the summer but increases during the winter. We use this estimated behavior in conjunction with a collection of downscaled global climate models (GCMs) to construct a relationship between future annual global mean surface temperature (GMST) changes and annual residential electricity consumption. We find that annual electricity consumption increases by 9.2% per +1 °C in annual GMST. In comparison, annual peak electricity use increases by as much as 36.1% per +1 °C in annual GMST. Although most accurate for Shanghai, our findings could be most credibly extended to the urban areas in the Yangtze River Delta, covering roughly one-fifth of China’s urban population and one-fourth of the gross domestic product.
Journal Article
CLIMATE CHANGE AND LABOUR ALLOCATION IN RURAL MEXICO: EVIDENCE FROM ANNUAL FLUCTUATIONS IN WEATHER
This article evaluates the effects of annual fluctuations in weather on employment in rural Mexico to gain insight into the potential labour market implications of climate change. Using a 28-year panel on individual employment, we find that years with a high occurrence of heat lead to a reduction in local employment, particularly for wage work and non-farm labour. Extreme heat also increases migration domestically from rural to urban areas and internationally to the US. A medium emissions scenario implies that increases in extreme heat may decrease local employment by up to 1.4% and climate change may increase migration by 1.4%.
Journal Article