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The Indonesian seas are a renowned global biodiversity hotspot, yet nutrient sources and fluxes (especially the vertical flux) sustaining this richness remain unclear. Here, we used non‐atmospheric helium‐3 (3He) to constrain the vertical diffusion coefficient (Kd) in the Indonesian seas, which ranges from 5.2 × 10−5 to 2.3 × 10−3 m2 s−1 and averages 6.6 × 10−4 m2 s−1, a value notably higher than those found in the open ocean and in most marginal seas. We estimated that 6.9 ± 7.9 mmol m−2 d−1 of nitrate (NO3−) is vertically transported into the surface mixed layer, that is, >90% of the total NO3− required to support a net community production (NCP) of 470 ± 467 mg‐C m−2 d−1. Regions with narrow straits, steep topography and dynamic circulation with strong vertical mixing display high NCP and chlorophyll‐a, suggesting that vertical nutrient transport dominates biological productivity. Findings highlight the importance of vertical mixing in supplying nutrients and maintaining the extraordinary biological productivity and diversity in the Indonesian seas. Plain Language Summary The Indonesian seas, at the center of the Indo‐Pacific Intersection, are recognized as a global hotspot of marine biodiversity. However, nutrient (e.g., nitrate) cycling in the Indonesian seas is poorly understood, such that nutrient sources and fluxes sustaining biological production remain unknown. The Indonesian seas lie on a plate tectonic belt, where intense submarine hydrothermal venting releases abundant primordial isotopic helium (3He) into the ocean interior that outgasses at surface providing an ideal tracer of vertical transport. We find that vertical diffusion in the Indonesian seas is notably stronger than those found in the open ocean and in most marginal seas, with a mean vertical diffusion coefficient (Kd) of 6.6 × 10−4 m2 s−1. Nitrate is vertically transported into the surface mixed layer at a rate of 6.9 ± 7.9 mmol m−2 d−1, which supports >90% of net community production (NCP) in the Indonesian seas. Here, narrow straits, steep and irregular topography and dynamic circulation with strong vertical mixing result in high chlorophyll‐a concentrations (a measure of primary producers' biomass) and NCP. This vertical nutrient transport supplies essential conditions for algal growth and “fuels” food web biological productivity. Thus, we suggest that strong vertical mixing plays a key role in making the Indonesian seas a global biodiversity hotspot. Key Points The Indonesian seas present strong and spatially variable vertical mixing Vertical mixing supplies >90% of nutrients in the surface mixed layer of Indonesian seas Here, vertical nutrient supply provides essential biogenic elements supporting high net community production and a biodiversity hotspot

Observed supercell updrafts consistently produce the fastest mid- to upper-tropospheric vertical velocities among all modes of convection. Two hypotheses for this feature are investigated. In the dynamic hypothesis, upward, largely rotationally driven pressure gradient accelerations enhance supercell updrafts relative to other forms of convection. In the thermodynamic hypothesis, supercell updrafts have more low-level inflow than ordinary updrafts because of the large vertical wind shear in supercell environments. This large inflow makes supercell updrafts wider than that of ordinary convection and less susceptible to the deleterious effects of entrainment-driven updraft core dilution on buoyancy. These hypotheses are tested using a large suite of idealized supercell simulations, wherein vertical shear, CAPE, and moisture are systematically varied. Consistent with the thermodynamic hypothesis, storms with the largest storm-relative flow have larger inflow, are wider, have larger buoyancy, and have faster updrafts. Analyses of the vertical momentum forcing along trajectories shows that maximum vertical velocities are often enhanced by dynamic pressure accelerations, but this enhancement is accompanied by larger downward buoyant pressure accelerations than in ordinary convection. Integrated buoyancy along parcel paths is therefore a strong constraint on maximum updraft speeds. Thus, through a combination of processes consistent with the dynamic and thermodynamic hypotheses, supercell updrafts are able to realize a larger percentage of CAPE than ordinary updrafts.

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Numerical simulations suggest that submesoscale turbulence may transform lateral buoyancy gradients into vertical stratification and thus restratify the upper ocean via vertical flow. However, the observational evidence for this restratifying process has been lacking due to the difficulty in measuring such ephemeral phenomena, particularly over periods of months to years. This study presents an annual cycle of the vertical velocity and associated restratification estimated from two nested clusters of meso- and submesoscale-resolving moorings, deployed in a typical midocean area of the northeast Atlantic. Vertical velocities inferred using the nondiffusive density equation are substantially stronger at submesoscales (horizontal scales of 1–10 km) than at mesoscales (horizontal scales of 10–100 km), with respective root-mean-square values of 38.0 ± 6.9 and 22.5 ± 3.3 m day −1 . The largest submesoscale vertical velocities and rates of restratification occur in events of a few days’ duration in winter and spring, and extend down to at least 200 m below the mixed layer base. These events commonly coincide with the enhancement of submesoscale lateral buoyancy gradients, which is itself associated with persistent mesoscale frontogenesis. This suggests that mesoscale frontogenesis is a regular precursor of the submesoscale turbulence that restratifies the upper ocean. The upper-ocean restratification induced by submesoscale motions integrated over the annual cycle is comparable in magnitude to the net destratification driven by local atmospheric cooling, indicating that submesoscale flows play a significant role in determining the climatological upper-ocean stratification in the study area.

Congenital infection with cytomegalovirus is a major cause of morbidity in neonates. In this phase 2, placebo-controlled trial, hyperimmune globulin given to mothers with primary CMV infection at 5 to 26 weeks of gestation did not significantly alter the course of infection. Every year, approximately 0.6% of all newborns in the United States and the European Union are congenitally infected with human cytomegalovirus (CMV). 1 , 2 Approximately 20% of these infected newborns are symptomatic at birth or will have sequelae such as sensorineural hearing loss, cognitive defects, and motor defects. 3 Primary CMV infection that develops in a woman during pregnancy confers the highest risk of congenital infection and disease. 4 Identification of pregnant women with primary CMV infection is feasible by means of detection of virus-specific IgM and low IgG avidity. However, the unavailability of a therapeutic intervention of proven efficacy in the case . . .

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Our knowledge is still poor regarding the response of the precipitation vertical structure to aerosols, partly due to the ignorance of precipitation occurring at different spatial scales. A total of 6 years of collocated ground-based PM10 and satellite-based (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, TRMM) radar data, along with ERA-Interim reanalysis, are used in this study to investigate the aerosol effects on three localized rain regimes (shallow, stratiform, and convective rain) over the Pearl River Delta region of China. A subjective analysis method is proposed to discriminate between the localized and synoptic-scale precipitations based on weather composite charts where daily averaged wind field at 850 hPa is overlaid with the geopotential height at 500 hPa. In general, average rain rate tends to be greater under polluted conditions than under clean conditions. But such potential aerosol effects are regime dependent: as the atmosphere becomes slightly polluted (PM10≤38 µg m−3), the top 1 % radar reflectivity (Z) for all regimes initially increases, followed by continued increases and weak decreases for convective and stratiform/shallow rain regimes, respectively. As the atmosphere becomes much more polluted, such regime dependences of aerosol effects are more significant. From a perspective of the vertical Z structure, comparisons between polluted conditions (days with the highest third of PM10 concentration) and clean conditions (days with the lowest third of PM10 concentration) show that the convective rain regime exhibits a deeper and stronger Z pattern, whereas a much shallower and weaker Z pattern is observed for stratiform and shallow precipitation regimes. In particular, the top height of the 30 dBZ rain echo increases by ∼29 % (∼1.27 km) for the convective regime, but decreases by ∼10.8 % (∼0.47 km) for the stratiform regime. However, no noticeable changes are observed for the shallow precipitation regime. Impacts of meteorological factors are further studied on both rain top height (RTH) and the center of gravity of Z, including vertical velocity, vertical wind shear, convection available potential energy, and vertically integrated moisture flux divergence (MFD). The possible invigoration effect on convective precipitation seems dependent on wind shear, in good agreement with previous findings. Overall, the observed dependence of the precipitation vertical structure on ground-based PM10 supports the notion of aerosol invigoration or suppression effect on cold or warm rain and adds new insights into the nature of the complex interactions between aerosol and various localized precipitation regimes.