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Background: This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various treatments and strategies for managing infections caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus in whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Shrimp aquaculture faces significant challenges from these pathogens, resulting in substantial economic losses. Vibrio species are known for their ability to form biofilms, enhancing their resistance to conventional treatments. Methods: The review follows the PRISMA guidelines, searching Scopus and PubMed databases for relevant studies on antibiotics and plant extracts used against these pathogens. Data were extracted and analysed to assess the effectiveness of different treatments, including antibiotics, plant extracts, and combined therapies. Results: The review found that while antibiotics remain widely used, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains necessitates alternative strategies. Plant extracts, rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, showed promising antimicrobial activity. Combined therapies involving antibiotics and plant extracts were also explored for their potential to enhance treatment efficacy and reduce resistance. Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of addressing biofilm formation in managing Vibrio-related infections and highlight the need for further research to develop sustainable and effective treatment protocols for shrimp aquaculture.

Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus in the estuarine-marine environment are of human health significance and may be increasing in pathogenicity and abundance. Vibrio illness originating from dermal contact with Vibrio laden waters or through ingestion of seafood originating from such waters can cause deleterious health effects, particularly if the strains involved are resistant to clinically important antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility among these pathogens. Surface-water samples were collected from three sites of recreational and commercial importance from July to September 2009. Samples were plated onto species-specific media and resulting V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus strains were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction assays and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the Sensititre® microbroth dilution system. Descriptive statistics, Friedman two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Vibrio vulnificus (n = 120) and V. parahaemolyticus (n = 77) were isolated from all sampling sites. Most isolates were susceptible to antibiotics recommended for treating Vibrio infections, although the majority of isolates expressed intermediate resistance to chloramphenicol (78% of V. vulnificus, 96% of V. parahaemolyticus). Vibrio parahaemolyticus also demonstrated resistance to penicillin (68%). Sampling location or month did not significantly impact V. parahaemolyticus resistance patterns, but V. vulnificus isolates from St. Martin's River had lower overall intermediate resistance than that of the other two sampling sites during the month of July (p = 0.0166). Antibiotics recommended to treat adult Vibrio infections were effective in suppressing bacterial growth, while some antibiotics recommended for pediatric treatment were not effective against some of the recovered isolates. To our knowledge, these are the first antimicrobial susceptibility data of V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus recovered from the Chesapeake Bay. These data can serve as a baseline against which future studies can be compared to evaluate whether susceptibilities change over time.

To address the growing concern over antibiotic-resistant microbial infections in aquatic animals, we tested several promising alternative agents that have emerged as new drug candidates. Specifically, the tilapia piscidins are a group of peptides that possess antimicrobial, wound-healing, and antitumor functions. In this study, we focused on tilapia piscidin 3 (TP3) and TP4, which are peptides derived from Oreochromis niloticus, and investigated their inhibition of acute bacterial infections by infecting hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) with Vibrio vulnificus and evaluating the protective effects of pre-treating, co-treating, and post-treating fish with TP3 and TP4. In vivo experiments showed that co-treatment with V. vulnificus and TP3 (20 μg/fish) or TP4 (20 μg/fish) achieved 95.3% and 88.9% survival rates, respectively, after seven days. When we co-injected TP3 or TP4 and V. vulnificus into tilapia and then re-challenged the fish with V. vulnificus after 28 days, the tilapia exhibited survival rates of 35.6% and 42.2%, respectively. Pre-treatment with TP3 (30 μg/fish) or TP4 (20 μg/fish) for 30 minutes prior to V. vulnificus infection resulted in high survival rates of 28.9% and 37.8%, respectively, while post-treatment with TP3 (20 μg/fish or 30 μg/fish) or TP4 (20 μg/fish) 30 minutes after V. vulnificus infection yielded high survival rates of 33.3% and 48.9%. In summary, pre-treating, co-treating, and post-treating fish with TP3 or TP4 all effectively decreased the number of V. vulnificus bacteria and promoted significantly lower mortality rates in tilapia. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of TP3 and TP4 that were effective for treating fish infected with V. vulnificus were 7.8 and 62.5 μg/ml, respectively, whereas the MICs of kanamycin and ampicillin were 31.2 and 3.91 μg/ml. The antimicrobial activity of these peptides was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), both of which showed that V. vulnificus disrupted the outer membranes of cells, resulting in the loss of cell shape and integrity. We examined whether TP3 and TP4 increased the membrane permeability of V. vulnificus by measuring the fluorescence resulting from the uptake of 1-N-phenyl-naphthylamine (NPN). Treating fish with TP3 and TP4 under different pH and temperature conditions did not significantly increase MIC values, suggesting that temperature and the acid-base environment do not affect AMP function. In addition, the qPCR results showed that TP3 and TP4 influence the expression of immune-responsive genes, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. In this study, we demonstrate that TP3 and TP4 show potential for development as drugs to combat fish bacterial infections in aquaculture.

Vibriosis is one of the most common diseases in marine aquaculture, caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Vibrio, that has been affecting many species of economically significant aquatic organisms around the world. The prevention of vibriosis in aquaculture is difficult, and the various treatments for vibriosis have their limitations. Therefore, there is an imperative need to find new alternatives. This review is based on the studies on vibriosis, specifically on the various treatments and their limitations, as well as the application of nanoparticles in aquaculture. One of the promising nanoparticles is graphene oxide (GO), which has been used in various applications, particularly in biological applications such as biosensors, drug delivery, and potential treatment for infectious diseases. GO has been shown to have anti-bacterial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but no research has been published that emphasizes its impact on Vibrio spp. The review aims to explore the potential use of GO for treatment against vibriosis.

This study investigated a disease outbreak characterized by caligid copepod infestations and subsequent secondary bacterial infections in European seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) and flathead grey mullet ( Mugil cephalus ) cultivated at a private facility in the Deeba Triangle region of Egypt. Moribund fish displayed brown spots on the skin, tongue, and gills, along with lethargy and excess mucus. The fish suffered severe infections, exhibiting external hemorrhages, ulcers, and ascites. The fish had pale, enlarged livers with hemorrhaging. Comprehensive parasitological, bacteriological, molecular, immunity and histopathological analyses were conducted to identify the etiological agents and pathological changes. Caligid copepod infestation was observed in wet mounts from the buccal and branchial cavities of all examined fish, and the caligids were identified as Caligus clemensi through COI gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Vibrio alginolyticus was confirmed as a secondary bacterial infection through biochemical tests, recA gene sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in V. alginolyticus isolates. Upregulation of the inflammatory marker IL-1β in gill and skin tissues indicated a robust cell-mediated immune response against the pathogens. Histopathological examination revealed severe tissue damage, hyperplasia, hemorrhage, and congestion in the gills, along with hepatocellular degeneration and steatosis in the liver, providing initial insights into this outbreak. A comprehensive therapeutic regimen was implemented, comprising prolonged hydrogen peroxide immersion baths, followed by the application of the nature-identical plant-based compound Lice-less and probiotic Sanolife Pro-W supplementation. This integrated approach effectively eliminated C. clemensi infestations, controlled secondary bacterial infections, and restored fish health, reducing morbidity and mortality rates to minimal levels.

Noncholera vibriosis is a rare, opportunistic bacterial infection caused by Vibrio spp. other than V. cholerae O1/O139 and diagnosed mainly during the hot summer months in patients after seaside activities. Detailed knowledge of circulating pathogenic strains and heterogeneities in infection outcomes and disease dynamics may help in patient management. We conducted a multicenter case-series study documenting Vibrio infections in 67 patients from 8 hospitals in the Bay of Biscay, France, over a 19-year period. Infections were mainly caused by V. alginolyticus (34%), V. parahaemolyticus (30%), non-O1/O139 V. cholerae (15%), and V. vulnificus (10%). Drug-susceptibility testing revealed intermediate and resistant strains to penicillins and first-generation cephalosporins. The acute infections (e.g., those involving digestive disorder, cellulitis, osteitis, pneumonia, and endocarditis) led to a life-threatening event (septic shock), amputation, or death in 36% of patients. Physicians may need to add vibriosis to their list of infections to assess in patients with associated risk factors.

Background Achromobacter species and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are environmental gram-negative bacteria that are rarely implicated in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). Achromobacter species are emerging opportunistic pathogens, primarily associated with respiratory infections in immunocompromised individuals, while Vibrio parahaemolyticus is typically associated with seafood-related gastroenteritis. This case highlights the co-isolation of Achromobacter species and Vibrio parahaemolyticus from a patient with CSOM who frequently engaged in sea swimming, suggesting their potential role in CSOM pathogenesis and a possible environmental source of infection. Case presentation A 15-year-old male, a sea swimmer, presented with persistent otorrhea and hearing impairment despite multiple courses of antibiotics. Otoscopic examination revealed tympanic membrane perforation with purulent discharge. Microbiological culture of the ear discharge isolated Achromobacter species and Vibrio parahaemolyticus , confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Achromobacter species exhibited multidrug resistance, with susceptibility only to carbapenems, whereas Vibrio parahaemolyticus was susceptible to fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines. Targeted antimicrobial therapy led to clinical improvement. Conclusions This case underscores the need to consider Achromobacter species and Vibrio parahaemolyticus as potential pathogens in non-resolving CSOM cases, especially in individuals exposed to marine environments. Their multidrug-resistance patterns highlight the importance of culture-based diagnosis and susceptibility testing for effective management. Further studies are needed to explore the epidemiology and clinical significance of Achromobacter species and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in ear infections.

Background Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) is a halophilic marine Gram-negative bacterium. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by V. vulnificus is a rapidly progressing clinical emergency often accompanied by septic shock. Despite advances in antibiotics and infection control measures, it remains a highly fatal and disabling infection. The incidence of V. vulnificus infection has increased due to climate warming and expanded global seafood trade in recent years. However, pediatric cases of V. vulnificus infection remain rare, leading to limited clinical experience in their management. Methods This report analyzes the clinical data of a pediatric case of V. vulnificus necrotizing fasciitis with septic shock, treated at Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care in April 2024. The report also reviews the literature on pediatric V. vulnificus infection. Results A 26-month-old boy developed a V. vulnificus infection after being scratched by a sea bass. The patient experienced an acute onset of illness that quickly worsened, presenting with a fever, mental fatigue, soft tissue edema, and pain, necrosis of the fascia and foot, coagulation dysfunction, and even shock. Laboratory results revealed white blood cell count(5.0 × 10 9 /L), neutrophilia %(65%), thrombocytopenia (56 × 10 9 /L), elevated CRP (200 mg/L), PCT (67.4 ng/mL), and IL-6 (> 4000 pg/mL), hypoalbuminemia (17.4 g/L), prolonged PT (17.5 s), reduced total T and NK cell counts, and a significantly reduced proportion of Treg cells. Initial treatment included surgical debridement and drainage, empirical antibiotic therapy, and rapid diagnosis of V. vulnificus via bacterial wound culture. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the blood microbial macrogenome and high-throughput sequencing of wound microbial pathogens (MetCap) were performed. Antibiotics were selected based on drug sensitivity testing, accompanied by hemopurification and measures to prevent disseminated intravascular coagulation. The patient’s condition stabilized gradually post-treatment, and he was discharged. Conclusion Prompt diagnosis is important for children with seafood exposure. Early hemopurification, surgical intervention, effective antibiotic therapy, and DIC prevention significantly improve prognosis and survival rates. These findings provide a practical reference for managing pediatric V. vulnificus infections. Highlights V.vulnificus infection rarely occurs in children; Immune immaturity of pediatric patients helps the rapid progression of V.vulnificus infections; PCR can be used for early detection of V. vulnificus besides bacterial culture; Cephalosporin III + tetracycline is the preferred drug regimen for early antimicrobial therapy in children; Early hemopurification, along with surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy, is essential to treat severe V. vulnificus septicemia.

Vibriosis, caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus , is a major bacterial disease in shrimp aquaculture, often managed with antibiotics that contribute to antimicrobial resistance and environmental concerns. This study investigated the antimicrobial properties of Kiam wood ( Cotylelobium lanceotatum ) extract and its potential as a dietary supplement to enhance the disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei . Kiam wood extracts were prepared using ethanol-water mixture at different ratios, and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated against V. parahaemolyticus . The water extract (KWE) exhibited the strongest anti- Vibrio activity as indicated by the widest clearance zone (15.65 mm), with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 256 µg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 512 µg/mL. Further assays demonstrated that KWE effectively inhibited biofilm formation and restricted bacterial motility at 512 µg/mL (MBC). Scanning electron microscopic images revealed significant cell-wall damages in treated bacteria as shown by membrane disruption and pore formations. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis identified Amuresins D (C 42 H 30 O 9 ), Pauciflorol A (C 24 H 32 O 9 ), Vaticasides A (C 48 H 42 O 14 ), Vaticanols B (C 56 H 42 O 12 ), and Cotylelophenol B (C 24 H 30 O 10 ) as key bioactive compounds. For the in vivo trials, P. vannamei was firstly infected by feeding them a V. parahaemolyticus -impregnated diet (1.5 × 10⁴ CFU/g) for two days, followed by a 15-day feeding period with KWE-supplemented diets at 2MBC (1 mg/g). Shrimp-fed KWE diets showed a significant reduction in intestinal Vibrio loads, enhanced immune responses (total hemocyte count, semi-granulocyte, and granulocyte levels), and improved survival rates. Notably, the KWE diet achieved the highest survival rate (85%), compared to 52% in the control group. These findings highlight KWE as a promising natural antimicrobial agent with immunostimulatory properties, offering a sustainable alternative to synthetic antibiotics for managing vibriosis in shrimp aquaculture. Further studies should explore its mode of action and long-term effects on shrimp health and aquaculture environments.

Members of the Vibrio genus are autochthonous inhabitants of aquatic environments and play vital roles in sustaining the aquatic milieu. The genus comprises about 100 species, which are mostly of marine or freshwater origin, and their classification is frequently updated due to the continuous discovery of novel species. The main route of transmission of Vibrio pathogens to man is through drinking of contaminated water and consumption inadequately cooked aquatic food products. In sub-Saharan Africa and much of the developing world, some rural dwellers use freshwater resources such as rivers for domestic activities, bathing, and cultural and religious purposes. This review describes the impact of inadequately treated sewage effluents on the receiving freshwater resources and the associated risk to the rural dwellers that depends on the water. Vibrio infections remain a threat to public health. In the last decade, Vibrio disease outbreaks have created alertness on the personal, economic, and public health uncertainties associated with the impact of contaminated water in the aquatic environment of sub-Saharan Africa. In this review, we carried out an overview of Vibrio pathogens in rural water resources in Sub-Saharan Africa and the implication of Vibrio pathogens on public health. Continuous monitoring of Vibrio pathogens among environmental freshwater and treated effluents is expected to help reduce the risk associated with the early detection of sources of infection, and also aid our understanding of the natural ecology and evolution of Vibrio pathogens.