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Applying machine learning methods to high-energy physics simulations has recently emerged as a rapidly developing area. A prominent example is the Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) simulation in the ALICE experiment at CERN, where substituting the traditional computationally extensive Monte Carlo methods with generative models radically reduces computation time. Although numerous studies have addressed the fast ZDC simulation, there remains significant potential for innovations. Recent developments in generative neural networks have enabled the creation of models capable of producing high-quality samples indistinguishable from real data. In this paper, we apply the latest advances to the simulation of the ZDC neutron detector and achieve a significant improvement in the Wasserstein metric compared to existing methods with a low generation time of 5 ms per sample. Our focus is on exploring novel architectures and state-of-the-art generative frameworks. We compare their performance against established methods, demonstrating competitive outcomes in speed and efficiency. The source code and hyperparameters of the models can be found at https://github.com/m-wojnar/zdc .

This study focuses on analyzing the altitude of the zero degrees isotherm and variations in the environmental lapse rate (ELR) using the publicly available data collected from Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) and Mode S Enhanced Surveillance (EHS) messages emitted by airplanes over a five-month period in 2021. The data was gathered using a professional receiver stationed in Bucharest (Romania). The aviation messages were decoded and the air temperature and pressure were determined, at the location of the airplane. The method has the advantage of the continuous messages that are emitted by the aircrafts during flight that allow instantaneous determination of the meteorological parameters at no additional costs. It can also be extended to permit almost real time maps of the ELR. When data was analyzed and a standard ELR value of 6.5 K/km is employed it was observed that the mean altitude of the 0 degrees isotherm exhibits a seasonal increase during the summer months, with an average altitude of 2874.2 m. The highest recorded altitude of the 0 degrees isotherm was found to be 5346.8 m, near Alexandria city (Romania), on 22.07.2021. Using a standard Least Mean Square algorithm alongside the International Standard Atmosphere pressure formula, the ELR values were calculated from pressure measurements data. The resulting mean ELR for the five-month period was determined to be 5.1331 K/km, slightly lower than the standard value.

In this note we determine all possible dominations between different products of manifolds when none of the factors of the codomain is dominated byproducts. As a consequence, we determine the finiteness of every product-associated functorial semi-norm on the fundamental classes of the afore mentioned products. These results give partial answers to questions of M. Gromov.

The field of literary multilingualism has quickly grown over the last decades. Multiple studies have examined the way linguistic diversity manifests itself in literature by focusing on specific strategies such as code-switching, code-mixing, code-shifting, hybridization, etc. However, the current understanding of multilingual practices is still dominated by a remarkable terminological inconsistency. In this article, we provide a new theoretical framework called ‘literary code-switching’ (Domokos 2018–2020), that can be used to examine most literary multilingual practices – from the most hidden or latent to the more manifest ones. This formulation, which is scaled into degrees from 0 to 5, will be applied to some key examples taken from the works of Imre Madách, Mihály Tompa, Imre Oravecz, Attila Jász, Ferenc Karinthy, Terézia Mora and Anne Tardos. The aim of picking up these heuristic examples from Hungarian literature is to point towards the necessity of investigating literature more systematically according to its hidden and manifest linguistic diversity.

(1) Pions produced in the development of extended atmospheric cosmic ray air showers subsequently decay to muons. The measured yield of those muons is generally underestimated by current phenomenological models and event generators optimized for cosmic ray physics. The importance of those disagreements motivates the feasibility studies for testing these models at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies, at the highest center-of-mass energies achievable in a laboratory. The interaction of a nucleus and a virtual pion created in a charge exchange reaction at the LHC is a similar process to those contributing to the development of air showers in case of cosmic rays. The crucial problem of such an analysis is the selection of charge exchange events with the highest possible efficiency and high purity from proton–proton collisions at the LHC. (2) For this we consider distributions of various measurable quantities given by event generators commonly used in cosmic ray physics. (3) We examine the expected distributions of energy deposited in different calorimeters of an LHC experiment. We consider the geometrical acceptance and energy resolution of the detectors at the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment, as an example. We determine a working point cut from the various options for event selection, and compare signal and background predictions using different models for a representative simple observable, such as average transverse momentum or charge particle yield. (4) A set of event selection cuts along these considerations is proposed, with the aim of achieving optimal efficiency and purity.

In ancient Greece, the spoken word connoted power, whether in the free speech accorded to citizens or in the voice of the poet, whose song was thought to know no earthly bounds. But how did silence fit into the mental framework of a society that valued speech so highly? Here Silvia Montiglio provides the first comprehensive investigation into silence as a distinctive and meaningful phenomenon in archaic and classical Greece. Arguing that the notion of silence is not a universal given but is rather situated in a complex network of associations and values, Montiglio seeks to establish general principles for understanding silence through analyses of cultural practices, including religion, literature, and law. Unlike the silence of a Christian before an ineffable God, which signifies the uselessness of words, silence in Greek religion paradoxically expresses the power of logos--for example, during prayer and sacrifice, it serves as a shield against words that could offend the gods. Montiglio goes on to explore silence in the world of the epic hero, where words are equated with action and their absence signals paralysis or tension in power relationships. Her other examples include oratory, a practice in which citizens must balance their words with silence in very complex ways in order to show that they do not abuse their right to speak. Inquiries into lyric poetry, drama, medical writings, and historiography round out this unprecedented study, revealing silence as a force in its own right.

It is shown in this paper that given any closed oriented hyperbolic 3-manifold, every closed oriented 3-manifold is mapped onto by a finite cover of that manifold via a map of degree 1, or in other words, virtually 1-dominated by that manifold. This improves a known result of virtual 2-domination. The proof invokes a recently developed enhanced version of the connection principle in good pants constructions.

Die Nullgradgrenze ist ein fester Bestandteil der Wettervorhersage im Alpenraum und ein interessanter Teil unseres Alltags. Auf langen, klimatologischen Zeiträumen hat die Nullgradgrenze eine große Bedeutung für den Wasserkreislauf und die Lebensräume von Menschen, Tieren und Pflanzen. Dies unter anderem, da die Schneefallgrenze und die Nullgradgrenze miteinander verbunden sind. Die Nullgradgrenze spielt für die Bäume und Gräser eine ganz wichtige Rolle, indem sie als Grenze für das Vordringen der Vegetation ganz entscheidend ist. Steigt die Nullgradgrenze, so ist das ein Indikator dafür, dass Bäume und Gräser in höhere Lagen vorstoßen können. Damit werden die bisher weitgehend pollenarmen Alpenregionen auch zu Regionen mit mäßiger Pollenbelastung. Dies lässt sich anhand der Pollendaten aus dem Hochgebirgstal Davos deutlich zeigen. Die Verlagerung der Nullgradgrenze führt insgesamt via einer höheren Waldgrenze zu einer verstärkten Pollenexposition.

Forward neutrons are studied in proton-lead collisions at the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC. They provide information on the centrality and event plane of collisions and provide an opportunity to study nuclear breakup. At the CMS experiment they are detected by the Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDCs) in the | η | > 8.5 pseudorapidity range. The ZDCs are quartz fiber Cherenkov calorimeters using tungsten as absorber. Test beam data and events with a single spectator neutron are used for the calibration of these detectors. A Fourier-based method is used correct for the effect of multiple pPb collisions. The corrected ZDC energy distribution is used to calculate centrality percentiles and unfold the neutron multiplicity distribution.

The ALICE Collaboration at the LHC has measured the J/ψ and ψ' photoproduction at mid-rapidity in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at $\\sqrt{s_{\\mathrm{NN}}} $ = 2.76 Tev. The charmonium is identified via its leptonic decay for events where the hadronic activity is required to be minimal. The analysis is based on an event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 23 μb-1. The cross section for coherent and incoherent J/ψ production in the rapidity interval -0.9 < y < 0.9, are dσcohJ/ψ/dy = 2.38+0.34–0.24(sta + sys) mb and dσincJ/ψ/dy = 0.98+0.19–0.17(sta + sys) mb, respectively. The results are compared to theoretical models for J/ψ production and the coherent cross section is found to be in good agreement with those models incorporating moderate nuclear gluon shadowing at Bjorken-x around 10–3, such as EPS09 parametrization. In addition the cross section for the process γγ→e + e – has been measured and found to be in agreement with models implementing QED at leading order.