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Thermal runaway (TR) is one of the main concerns in battery application due to their hazard level for the people and environment. In this work, the thermal runaway behaviors of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are investigated in ambient nitrogen (N 2 ) concentration from 78 to 100%. Several parameters are measured to assess the fire hazards of LIBs, including battery surface temperature ( T surf ), ignition time ( t ig ), total mass loss, heat release rate, and total heat release. The experimental results show that the risk of TR increases with the increase in state of charge. For different N 2 concentrations, the addition of N 2 will reduce oxygen (O 2 ) concentration and weaken internal reactions, while excessive N 2 will react with lithium-ion inside the LIBs. 82% N 2 concentration shows the greatest inhibition effect on TR, where the values of battery surface temperature, total mass loss, heat release rate, and the total heat release reach the minimum ones.

The topic of battery state-of-health monitoring via electrical and non-electrical testing procedures has become of increased interest for scientific researchers, due to the imposed goal of expanded industrial sustainability. Within the present study, we propose a novel approach for monitoring the temperature of batteries by means of infrared thermography. In order to improve the accuracy of the performed measurements and to overcome the limitations imposed by the cylindrical housing of the batteries, we have developed a unique method for monitoring and capturing the temperature of the battery over the entire housing. An experimental system was built, through which the battery performs a rotational movement relative to its axis, with this rotation motion being synchronized with the frame rate of the thermal camera. The resulting thermographic images are processed using specifically developed software. This software enables the segmentation of certain sections of the battery’s surface from a defined spatial perspective. These selected segments are subsequently utilized to generate a three-dimensional representation of the battery’s surface temperature’s distribution. In this way, errors in the obtained results which are caused by the viewing angle are avoided. Additionally, we developed and presented a method for the increasing of the resolution of captured thermograms.

Rechargeable aqueous batteries are an up-and-coming system for potential large-scale energy storage due to their high safety and low cost. However, the freeze of aqueous electrolyte limits the low-temperature operation of such batteries. Here, we report the breakage of original hydrogen-bond network in ZnCl 2 solution by modulating electrolyte structure, and thus suppressing the freeze of water and depressing the solid-liquid transition temperature of the aqueous electrolyte from 0 to –114 °C. This ZnCl 2 -based low-temperature electrolyte renders polyaniline||Zn batteries available to operate in an ultra-wide temperature range from –90 to +60 °C, which covers the earth surface temperature in record. Such polyaniline||Zn batteries are robust at –70 °C (84.9 mA h g −1 ) and stable during over 2000 cycles with ~100% capacity retention. This work significantly provides an effective strategy to propel low-temperature aqueous batteries via tuning the electrolyte structure and widens the application range of temperature adaptation of aqueous batteries. Rechargeable aqueous batteries are promising for potential large-scale energy storage due to their high safety and low cost. Here the authors analyse a zinc chloride based low-temperature electrolyte for improving practicability of the aqueous batteries.

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are of quite a significance in the field of inorganic‐organic hybrid crystals. Especially, MOFs have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their large specific surface area, desirable electrical conductivity, controllable porosity, tunable geometric structure, and excellent thermal/chemical stability. Some recent studies have shown that carbon materials prepared by MOFs as precursors can retain the privileged structure of MOFs, such as large specific surface area and porous structure and, in contrast, realize in situ doping with heteroatoms (eg, N, S, P, and B). Moreover, by selecting appropriate MOF precursors, the composition and morphology of the carbon products can be easily adjusted. These remarkable structural advantages enable the great potential of MOF‐derived carbon as high‐performance energy materials, which to date have been applied in the fields of energy storage and conversion systems. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in MOF‐derived carbon materials for energy storage applications. We first introduce the compositions, structures, and synthesis methods of MOF‐derived carbon materials, and then discuss their applications and potentials in energy storage systems, including rechargeable lithium/sodium‐ion batteries, lithium‐sulfur batteries, supercapacitors, and so forth, in detail. Finally, we put forward our own perspectives on the future development of MOF‐derived carbon materials. We review the recent advances in metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐derived carbon materials for energy storage applications. The outlines of compositions, structures, and synthesis methods of MOF‐derived carbon materials are introduced, followed by examples of their applications in the energy storage systems, including rechargeable lithium/sodium‐ion batteries, lithium‐sulfur batteries, supercapacitors, and so forth. Finally, we put forward our perspectives on the future development of MOF‐derived carbon materials.

HighlightsThe working principles and limitations of current anode materials at low temperatures are elucidated.Advantages and emphases of various modification strategies, including structural design, morphology control, surface & interface modifications, and multiphase materials of low-temperature anode materials, are reviewed.Perspectives and challenges in developing novel low-temperature anode materials are discussed.The severe degradation of electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) at low temperatures poses a significant challenge to their practical applications. Consequently, extensive efforts have been contributed to explore novel anode materials with high electronic conductivity and rapid Li+ diffusion kinetics for achieving favorable low-temperature performance of LIBs. Herein, we try to review the recent reports on the synthesis and characterizations of low-temperature anode materials. First, we summarize the underlying mechanisms responsible for the performance degradation of anode materials at subzero temperatures. Second, detailed discussions concerning the key pathways (boosting electronic conductivity, enhancing Li+ diffusion kinetics, and inhibiting lithium dendrite) for improving the low-temperature performance of anode materials are presented. Third, several commonly used low-temperature anode materials are briefly introduced. Fourth, recent progress in the engineering of these low-temperature anode materials is summarized in terms of structural design, morphology control, surface & interface modifications, and multiphase materials. Finally, the challenges that remain to be solved in the field of low-temperature anode materials are discussed. This review was organized to offer valuable insights and guidance for next-generation LIBs with excellent low-temperature electrochemical performance.

Thermal-runaway propagation in battery systems can escalate the battery fire hazard and pose a severe threat to global users. In this work, the thermal-runaway propagation over 18650 cylindrical lithium-ion battery was tested in the linear-arranged module with a 3-mm gap. State of charge (SOCs) from 30% to 100%, ambient temperatures from 20°C to 70°C, and three tab-connection methods were investigated. Results indicate that the battery thermal-runaway propagation speed was about 0.35 ± 0.15 #/min, which increased with SOC and ambient temperature. The critical surface temperature of thermal runaway ranged from 209°C to 245°C, which increased with ambient temperature while decreased with SOC. Compared to the open-circuit module, the flat tab connection could cause an external short circuit to accelerate the thermal-runaway propagation, and the non-flat tab connection was more likely to trigger an explosion. A heat transfer analysis was proposed to qualitatively explain the speed and limiting conditions of thermal-runaway propagation, as well as the influence of SOC, ambient temperature, and tab connection. This work reveals the thermal-runaway propagation characteristics under well-controlled environments, which could provide scientific guidelines to improve the safety of the battery module and reduce battery fire hazards.

The temperature and heat produced by lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles is an important field of investigation as it determines the power, performance, and cycle life of the battery pack. This paper presented both laboratory data and simulation results at C-rates of 1C, 2C, 3C, and 4C at an ambient temperature of approximately 23 °C. During experiment thermocouples were placed on the surface of the battery. The thermal model assumed constant current discharge and was experimentally validated. It was observed that temperature increased with C-rates at both the surface and the tabs. We note that at 4C the battery temperature increased from 22 °C to 47.40 °C and the tab temperature increased from 22 °C to 52.94 °C. Overall, the simulation results showed that more heat was produced in the cathode than the anode, the primary source of heat was the electrolyte resistance, and the battery temperature was the highest near the tabs and in the internal space of the battery. Simulation of the lithium concentration within the battery showed that the lithium concentration was more uniform in the anode than in the cathode. These results can help the accurate thermal design and thermal management of Li-ion batteries.

Rechargeable Li-ion batteries are widely used in renewable energy storage and automotive powertrain systems, and therefore, an efficient thermal management system is imperative for maximum battery life and safety. Battery heat generation and dissipation rates primarily depend on the battery surface temperatures, which are affected by the coolant system design and coolant inlet conditions. In this paper, a two-way coupled electrochemical-thermal simulation with selected experimental validation has been performed and analyzed the effect of water coolant inlet conditions on the effectiveness of commercial mini-channel cold-plates for 20 Ah LiFePO4 prismatic batteries. Three coolant inlet temperatures (25–45 °C) and four flow rates (150–600 mL/min) are tested at three different discharge rates (2–4 C) and the performance of coolant system design has been analyzed in terms of battery peak (maximum) temperature and temperature difference (i.e., non-uniformity) across the battery. The predicted results indicate that the coolant flow rate has a profound effect on the battery temperature non-uniformity, while the coolant inlet temperature has a significant effect on the battery peak temperature. At high coolant flow rates, the battery surface temperature difference is within the acceptable range (ΔT < 5 °C), but the maximum temperatures are high at all discharge rates. Further, at the low coolant inlet temperature of 25 °C and the high coolant flow rate of 600 mL/min, the battery temperature rise at the top and bottom locations during the constant current discharge process is high, indicating that the battery heat generation rate is high at a low coolant inlet temperature.

Secondary batteries based on earth-abundant sodium metal anodes are desirable for both stationary and portable electrical energy storage. Room-temperature sodium metal batteries are impractical today because morphological instability during recharge drives rough, dendritic electrodeposition. Chemical instability of liquid electrolytes also leads to premature cell failure as a result of parasitic reactions with the anode. Here we use joint density-functional theoretical analysis to show that the surface diffusion barrier for sodium ion transport is a sensitive function of the chemistry of solid–electrolyte interphase. In particular, we find that a sodium bromide interphase presents an exceptionally low energy barrier to ion transport, comparable to that of metallic magnesium. We evaluate this prediction by means of electrochemical measurements and direct visualization studies. These experiments reveal an approximately three-fold reduction in activation energy for ion transport at a sodium bromide interphase. Direct visualization of sodium electrodeposition confirms large improvements in stability of sodium deposition at sodium bromide-rich interphases. The chemistry at the interface between electrolyte and electrode plays a critical role in determining battery performance. Here, the authors show that a NaBr enriched solid–electrolyte interphase can lower the surface diffusion barrier for sodium ions, enabling stable electrodeposition.

External short circuit has a severe influence on lithium battery’s performance. Currently, a huge study has focused on the single battery’s short circuit. However, cells are often interconnected into a module in real applications. There are many possibilities that external short circuit of a single cell has huge impact on the other cells in a battery module. In this research, experiments were conducted under different conditions (single lithium-ion battery, 3 lithium-ion battery modules, 9 lithium-ion battery modules) at different ambient temperatures (30, 40, and 50 °C) and different state of charge [SOCs (80%, 90%, 100%)] The temperature of the battery surface (positive electrode, middle) rose during external short circuit. The variation of the battery temperature was analyzed. Then, the variation of battery performance parameters under external short circuit conditions was studied. All lithium-ion batteries were divided into two groups, one being an external short circuit and the other being not short-circuited externally. As a result, when the lithium-ion battery was short-circuited externally, the battery temperature rose rapidly to the maximum temperature that the battery can rise. The highest temperature caused by external short circuit appeared in the case of a single battery. The higher the SOC, the faster the battery temperature rose. In the cycle charge and discharge, the rate of decay of the battery after an external short circuit was twice faster than that of a normal battery. As the temperature increased, the rate of battery capacity decayed further. Under normal circumstances, the attenuation of the battery to 80% required about 350 cycles. The life of the battery after the external short circuit was shortened by more than half, and when the temperature rises, even only about 100 cycles were required.