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Treatment of long-acting, anticoagulant rodenticides (LAAR)-poisoned patients with high-dose oral vitamin K1 (VK1) is expensive and requires several months. The long duration can result in non-adherence leading to recurrent severe coagulopathy, bleeding, and hospitalizations. Cholestyramine (CSA) is an inexpensive, safe, and effective gut-restricted resin used to treat primary hypercholesterolemia or pruritus, and to accelerate clearance of teriflunomide. We propose using inexpensive CSA therapy in LAAR-poisoned patients while administering daily high-dose oral VK1 and periodically monitoring plasma LAAR concentrations until declining to a safe concentration. We suggest that this regimen should be available to public health clinics responding to outbreaks of LAAR poisoning. CSA treatment could improve patient adherence, shorten duration of high dose oral VK1 therapy, and reduce healthcare expenditures.

This manuscript explores whether co-formulation of the second-generation anticoagulant bromadiolone with additives such as ciprofloxacin, vitamin D, aspirin, and cinnamon can enhance rodenticidal efficacy at reduced doses, while assessing hepatic pathomorphology, oxidative stress, coagulation, DNA damage, and apoptosis in wild rats. The study is both timely and relevant, addressing ecological and public health concerns by investigating mechanistic pathways including the p53–p21–caspase axis, lipid peroxidation, comet assay, prothrombin time, and serum enzyme levels. A key strength lies in its novel strategy of combining bromadiolone with pharmacological and food-derived compounds, offering practical implications for minimizing environmental impact. The multidimensional dataset spanning biochemical, molecular, genotoxic, coagulation, and histopathological endpoints provides strong mechanistic depth. Findings suggest that certain additives, particularly cinnamon and aspirin, potentiate oxidative stress and apoptosis, correlating with increased mortality and liver damage. Overall, the integration with existing literature on vitamin K antagonism, cholecalciferol-induced hypercalcemia, NSAID-mediated apoptosis, and coumarin derivatives highlights the study’s mechanistic grounding and translational relevance.

The extensive use of rodenticides poses a severe threat to non-target species, particularly birds of prey and scavengers. In this study, a GC-MS/MS-based method was used to unlock the cause of bird deaths in Poland. Organs (liver, heart, kidney, and lungs) collected during autopsies of two rooks (Corvus frugilegus) and one carrion crow (Corvus corone corone), as well as fecal samples, were analyzed for the presence of anticoagulant coumarin derivatives, i.e., warfarin and bromadiolone. As for warfarin, the highest concentration was found in crow samples overall, with concentrations in the feces and lungs at 5.812 ± 0.368 µg/g and 4.840 ± 0.256 µg/g, respectively. The heart showed the lowest concentration of this compound (0.128 ± 0.01 µg/g). In the case of bromadiolone, the highest concentration was recorded in the liver of a rook (16.659 ± 1.499 µg/g) and this concentration significantly exceeded the levels in the other samples. By revealing the reality of the threat, these discoveries emphasize the need to regulate and monitor the trade in rodenticides.

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) have been used for decades for rodent control worldwide. Research on the exposure of the environment and accumulation of these active substances in biota has been focused on terrestrial food webs, but few data are available on the impact of ARs on aquatic systems and water organisms. To fill this gap, we analyzed liver samples of bream ( Abramis brama ) and co-located suspended particulate matter (SPM) from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). An appropriate method was developed for the determination of eight different ARs, including first- and second-generation ARs, in fish liver and SPM. Applying this method to bream liver samples from 17 and 18 sampling locations of the years 2011 and 2015, respectively, five ARs were found at levels above limits of quantifications (LOQs, 0.2 to 2 μg kg −1 ). For 2015, brodifacoum was detected in 88% of the samples with a maximum concentration of 12.5 μg kg −1 . Moreover, difenacoum, bromadiolone, difethialone, and flocoumafen were detected in some samples above LOQ. In contrast, no first generation AR was detected in the ESB samples. In SPM, only bromadiolone could be detected in 56% of the samples at levels up to 9.24 μg kg −1 . A temporal trend analysis of bream liver from two sampling locations over a period of up to 23 years revealed a significant trend for brodifacoum at one of the sampling locations.

Invasive rats are one of the world's most successful animal groups that cause native species extinctions and ecosystem change, particularly on islands. On large islands, rat eradication is often impossible and population control, defined as the local limitation of rat abundance, is now routinely performed on many of the world's islands as an alternative management tool. However, a synthesis of the motivations, techniques, costs, and outcomes of such rat-control projects is lacking. We reviewed the literature, searched relevant websites, and conducted a survey via a questionnaire to synthesize the available information on rat-control projects in island natural areas worldwide to improve rat management and native species conservation. Data were collected from 136 projects conducted over the last 40 years; most were located in Australasia (46%) and the tropical Pacific (25%) in forest ecosystems (65%) and coastal strands (22%). Most of the projects targeted Rattus rattus and most (82%) were aimed at protecting birds and endangered ecosystems. Poisoning (35%) and a combination of trapping and poisoning (42%) were the most common methods. Poisoning allows for treatment of larger areas, and poison projects generally last longer than trapping projects. Second-generation anticoagulants (mainly brodifacoum and bromadiolone) were used most often. The median annual cost for rat-control projects was US$17,262 or US$227/ha. Median project duration was 4 years. For 58% of the projects, rat population reduction was reported, and 51% of projects showed evidence of positive effects on biodiversity. Our data were from few countries, revealing the need to expand rat-control distribution especially in some biodiversity hotspots. Improvement in control methods is needed as is regular monitoring to assess short- and long-term effectiveness of rat-control. Las ratas invasoras son uno de los grupos animales más exitosos a nivel mundial que ocasionan la extinción de especies nativas y cambios en los ecosistemas, particularmente en las islas. En las islas grandes, la erradicación de las ratas es generalmente imposible y el control de población, definido como la limitación local de la abundancia de ratas, hoy en día se practica rutinariamente en muchas de las islas del mundo como una herramienta alternativa de manejo. Sin embargo, se carece de una síntesis de motivaciones, técnicas, costos y resultados de dichos proyectos de control de ratas. Revisamos la literatura, buscamos sitios web relevantes, y realizamos una encuesta por medio de un cuestionario para sintetizar la información disponible sobre los proyectos de control de ratas en las áreas naturales isleñas en todo el mundo para así mejorar el manejo de ratas y la conservación de especies nativas. Se recolectaron datos de 136 proyectos que se realizaron en los últimos 40 años; la mayoría se ubicaron en Australasia (46 %) y el Pacífico tropical (25 %) en ecosistemas boscosos (65 %) y franjas costeras (22 %). La mayoría de los proyectos estaban enfocados en Rattus rattus, y la mayoría (82 %) estaban centrados en la protección de aves y ecosistemas en peligro de extinción. Los métodos más comunes fueron el envenenamiento (35 %) y una combinación de trampas y veneno (42 %). El envenenamiento permite tratar con áreas más grandes y generalmente dura más tiempo que el trampeo. Los anti-coagulantes de segunda generación (principalmente el brodifacoum y la briomadiolona) fueron los más usados. El costo medio anual de los proyectos de control de ratas fue de US$17,262 o de US$227/ha. La duración media de los proyectos fue de cuatro años. Para el 58 % de los proyectos, se reportó una reducción en la población de ratas, y el 51 % de los proyectos mostró evidencias de un efecto positivo sobre la biodiversidad. Nuestros datos provienen de pocos países, lo que revela la necesidad de expandir la distribución del control de ratas, especialmente en algunos puntos calientes de biodiversidad. Se necesita mejorar los métodos del control, así como un monitoreo regular para evaluar la efectividad del control de ratas a corto y largo plazo.

A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous screening of 354 organic poisons and metabolites in blood and urine, including drugs, medications, pesticides, rodenticides, veterinary drugs, alkaloids, and mycotoxins with a multi-toxicant chromatography-mass spectrometry information library. The method and library showed good prospects in clinical poisoning screening and forensic toxicological identification. Blood and urine samples were extracted successively with ethyl acetate in acidic and alkaline conditions; then, the extract was blown to nearly dry by nitrogen gas and redissolved with methanol-aqueous solution (v:v, 50:50), and the dissolved solution was analyzed by LC-MS/MS after filtering. Precursor ions’ m/z was set for identification, retention time, fragment ions, and isotopic pattern which were used for confirmation. No interference peaks were found in the blank samples, showing good specificity. The LODs of toxicants in urine and blood were 1.00×10−3–50.0 ng/mL and 2.07×10−3–50.0 ng/mL, respectively, while the LOQs were 3.30×10−3–1.67×102 ng/mL and 6.91×10−3–1.67×102 ng/mL. The intra-day precision and inter-day precision of urine samples were 2.31–9.13% and 4.75–12.3%, respectively, which were 1.92–10.8% and 2.01–12.1% in blood samples. The established method was applied to analyze 9 cases of clinical poisoning patients, and bromadiolone, carbofuran, and amanitins were detected, respectively. A total of 382 biospecimens from drug abusers were analyzed with the proposed method, which indicated that some drugs were detected in 62 cases, mainly including methamphetamine, heroin, and MDMA. The results were consistent with the information from traditional liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.

Exposure of wildlife to anticoagulant rodenticides from sewer baiting and bait application is poorly understood. We analyzed residues of eight anticoagulant rodenticides in liver samples of 96 great cormorants, 29 common mergansers, various fish species, and coypu, in different German regions. Results show that hepatic residues of anticoagulant rodenticides were found in almost half of the investigated cormorants and mergansers due to the uptake of contaminated fish from effluent-receiving surface waters. By contrast, exposure of coypu to rodenticides via aquatic emissions was not observed. The maximum total hepatic anticoagulant rodenticide concentration measured in waterfowl specimens was 35 ng per g based on liver wet weight. Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide active ingredients brodifacoum, difenacoum, and bromadiolone were detected almost exclusively, reflecting their estimated market share in Germany and their continuing release into the aquatic compartment. Overall, our findings reveal that second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides accumulating in wild fish are transferred to piscivorous predators via the aquatic food chain.

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are used globally to control rodent pest infestations in both urban and agricultural settings. It is well documented that non-target wildlife, including predatory birds, are at risk for secondary anticoagulant exposure and toxicosis through the prey they consume. However, there have been no large-scale studies of AR exposure in raptors in Ontario, Canada since new Health Canada legislation was implemented in 2013 in an attempt to limit exposure in non-target wildlife. Our objective was to measure levels of ARs in wild raptors in southern Ontario to assess their exposure. We collected liver samples from 133 raptors representing 17 species submitted to the Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (CWHC) in Ontario, Canada, between 2017 and 2019. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was used to quantitatively assess the level of exposure to 14 first- and second-generation ARs. Detectable levels of one or more ARs were found in 82 of 133 (62%) tested raptors, representing 12 species. The most commonly detected ARs were bromadiolone (54/133), difethialone (40/133), and brodifacoum (33/133). Of AR-positive birds, 34/82 (42%) contained residues of multiple (> 1) anticoagulant compounds. Our results indicate that AR exposure is common in raptors living in southern Ontario, Canada. Our finding that brodifacoum, difethialone, and bromadiolone were observed alone or in combination with one another in the majority of our sampled raptors indicates that legislative changes in Canada may not be protecting non-target wildlife as intended.

The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of vitamin K relate to protection against detrimental effects of bromadiolone. Wistar rats (n = 30) were divided in three groups (n = 10): control group and two groups treated with bromadiolone (0.12 mg/kg) and bromadiolone + vitamin K (0.12 mg/kg + 100 mg/kg) over the period of four days. The main findings in the bromadiolone-exposed rats, such as damaged hepatocytes, high levels of globulin, total proteins and lymphocytes, and altered albumin/globulin ratio, collectively indicate an acute inflammatory process. Morphological changes in erythrocytes include microcytosis, hypochromia, hyperchromia, hemolysis, stomatocytosis, and spherocytosis. Significantly low values of RBC, Hct, and hemoglobin concentrations indicate impairments of the hematopoietic pathway causing combined anemia. The selected dose of bromadiolone caused a non-significant increase of catalase activity and a significant increase of the total protein content in brain tissue homogenates. Vitamin K supplementation reduced many of the harmful effects of bromadiolone. The cytoprotective role of vitamin K was proved to be of great importance for the preservation of structural changes on the membranes of hepatocytes and erythrocytes, in addition to the known role in the treatment of coagulopathies. The results of the study suggest valuable properties of vitamin K in the prevention and treatment of various types of anemia caused by bromadiolone toxicity. Future research is necessary to determine the adequate dose and treatment duration with vitamin K in disorders caused by the cumulative action of bromadiolone and possibly other pesticides.

In Europe, bromadiolone, an anticoagulant rodenticide authorized for plant protection, may be applied intensively in fields to control rodents. The high level of poisoning of wildlife that follows such treatments over large areas has been frequently reported. In France, bromadiolone has been used to control water voles (Arvicola terrestris) since the 1980s. Both regulation and practices of rodent control have evolved during the last 15 years to restrict the quantity of poisoned bait used by farmers. This has led to a drastic reduction of the number of cases of poisoned wildlife reported by the French surveillance network SAGIR. During the autumn and winter 2011, favorable weather conditions and high vole densities led to the staging of several hundreds of Red Kites (Milvus milvus) in the Puy‐de‐Dôme department (central France). At the same time, intensive treatments with bromadiolone were performed in this area. Although no misuse has been mentioned by the authorities following controls, 28 Red Kites and 16 Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo) were found dead during surveys in November and December 2011. For all these birds, poisoning by bromadiolone as the main cause of death was either confirmed or highly suspected. Other observations suggest a possible impact of bromadiolone on the breeding population of Red Kites in this area during the spring 2011. French regulation of vole control for plant protection is currently under revision, and we believe this event calls for more sustainable management of rodent outbreaks. Based on large‐scale experiments undertaken in eastern France, we propose that direct control of voles at low density (with trapping or limited chemical treatments) and mechanical destruction of vole tunnels, mole control, landscape management, and predator fostering be included in future regulation because such practices could help resolve conservation and agricultural issues. Envenenamiento No Intencional de Fauna Silvestre y Propuestas para un Manejo Sustentable de Roedores.