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Poor human olfaction is a 19th-century myth
In comparison to that of other animals, the human sense of smell is widely considered to be weak and underdeveloped. This is, however, an unproven hypothesis. In a Review, McGann traces the origins of this false belief back to comparative 19th-century neuroanatomical studies by Broca. A modern look at the human olfactory bulb shows that it is rather large compared with those of rats and mice, which are presumed to possess a superior sense of smell. In fact, the number of olfactory bulb neurons across 24 mammalian species is comparatively similar, with humans in the middle of the pack, and our sense of smell is similar to that of other mammals. Science , this issue p. eaam7263 It is commonly believed that humans have a poor sense of smell compared to other mammalian species. However, this idea derives not from empirical studies of human olfaction but from a famous 19th-century anatomist’s hypothesis that the evolution of human free will required a reduction in the proportional size of the brain’s olfactory bulb. The human olfactory bulb is actually quite large in absolute terms and contains a similar number of neurons to that of other mammals. Moreover, humans have excellent olfactory abilities. We can detect and discriminate an extraordinary range of odors, we are more sensitive than rodents and dogs for some odors, we are capable of tracking odor trails, and our behavioral and affective states are influenced by our sense of smell.
Journal Article
Growing garden bulbs
This volume focuses on the growing of temperate garden bulbs in the outdoor garden. With some 30 years experience of growing and writing about bulbs, Richard Wilford shares his expert knowledge on choosing the best bulbs to grow. His step by step instructions cover all aspects of bulb growing with chapters on planting, naturalising, growing bulbs in pots, what and when to buy, how to select the best bulbs, keeping pests and diseases at bay and, for the more adventurous, propagating plants.
Book
Mating-induced neurogenesis and cell proliferation in male rats depend on opioid signaling
In the adult brain, neurogenesis primarily occurs in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (DG) and the olfactory bulbs, with new cells migrating from the subventricular zone. Additionally, small amounts of cell proliferation have been observed in the preoptic area (POA) and the amygdala (AMG), regions involved in the control of male sexual behavior. Sexual activity induces a reward state mediated by opioids, and our group previously demonstrated that neurogenesis induced by paced mating is opioid dependent in female rats. Therefore, in the present study, we examined whether naloxone hydrochloride could block the cell proliferation and neurogenesis induced by mating in male rats. We evaluated cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the DG, main (MOB) and accessory (AOB) olfactory bulbs, POA and AMG across 6 groups of male rats: without sexual contact injected with saline or NX, males that mated until they ejaculated once injected with saline or NX and males that mated until they ejaculated 3 times injected with saline or NX. Our findings indicated that the increase of cell proliferation and neurogenesis observed after 3 ejaculations was abolished by NX administration in the glomerular layer of both the AOB and MOB. The same effect was observed in the granular layer of the MOB. In contrast, NX did not reduce the cell proliferation induced by 3 ejaculations in the granular layer of the AOB, but significantly reduced neurogenesis. In the DG, cell proliferation and neurogenesis were increased by 3 ejaculations and NX blocked this effect. Finally, analyses of the AMG and POA revealed that NX blocked the cell proliferation induced by 3 ejaculations. This study highlights the central role of opioid signaling in mediating the effects of sexual behavior on cell proliferation and neurogenesis in both classical and non-classical neurogenic regions.
Journal Article
How the light bulb changed history
How the Light Bulb Changed History examines the invention of the light bulb, how it works, and how electric light changed the way people live and work.
Book
IFN-γ signaling is required for the efficient replication of murine hepatitis virus (MHV) strain JHM in the brains of infected mice
Neurotropic viruses are a major public health concern as they can cause encephalitis and other severe brain diseases. Many of these viruses, including flaviviruses, herpesviruses, rhabdoviruses and alphaviruses enter the brain through the olfactory neuroepithelium (ONE) in the olfactory bulbs (OB). Due to the low percentage of encephalitis that occurs following these infections, it’s thought that OBs have specialized innate immune responses to eliminate viruses. Murine hepatitis virus strain JHM (JHMV) is a model coronavirus that causes severe encephalitis and can access the brain through olfactory sensory neurons. We’ve shown that a JHMV Mac1-mutant virus, N1347A, has decreased replication and disease in the brains of mice. Here we further show that this virus replicates poorly in the OB. However, it is unknown which innate immune factors restrict N1347A replication in the OB. RNA-seq analysis of infected olfactory bulbs showed that IFNγ was upregulated in the OB while IFN-β was barely detectable at 5 days post-infection. To determine if IFN-γ restricts JHMV N1347A replication, we utilized IFN-γ and IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR) knockout (KO) mice. Surprisingly we found that JHMV WT and N1347A replicated very poorly in the OB and whole brains of both IFN-γ and IFN-γR KO mice following intranasal infection, though survival and weight loss were unaltered. Furthermore, we determined that microglia, macrophages, and CD4 + T cells were the primary cells producing IFN-γ during the early stages of this infection. We conclude that IFN-γ is required for the efficient replication of JHMV in the brains of infected mice.
Journal Article
Thomas Edison : lighting the way
\"Read and find out all about the real story of Thomas Edison's life and his many amazing inventions, like the movie camera and the battery for an electric car!\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Bioactive Peptides from Skipjack Tuna Cardiac Arterial Bulbs: Preparation, Identification, Antioxidant Activity, and Stability against Thermal, pH, and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion Treatments
Cardiac arterial bulbs of Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) are rich in elastin, and its hydrolysates are high quality raw materials for daily cosmetics. In order to effectively utilizing Skipjack tuna processing byproducts-cardiac arterial bulbs and to prepare peptides with high antioxidant activity, pepsin was selected from six proteases for hydrolyzing proteins, and the best hydrolysis conditions of pepsin were optimized. Using ultrafiltration and chromatographic methods, eleven antioxidant peptides were purified from protein hydrolysate of tuna cardiac arterial bulbs. Four tripeptides (QGD, PKK, GPQ and GLN) were identified as well as seven pentapeptides (GEQSN, GEEGD, YEGGD, GEGER, GEGQR, GPGLM and GDRGD). Three out of them, namely the tripeptide PKK and the pentapeptides YEGGD and GPGLM exhibited the highest radical scavenging activities on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and superoxide anion assays. They also showed to protect plasmid DNA and HepG2 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, they exhibited high stability under temperature ranged from 20-100 °C, pH values ranged from 3-11, and they simulated gastrointestinal digestion for 240 min. These results suggest that the prepared eleven antioxidant peptides from cardiac arterial bulbs, especially the three peptides PKK, YEGGD, and GPGLM, could serve as promising candidates in health-promoting products due to their high antioxidant activity and their stability.
Journal Article
Antagonistic odor interactions in olfactory sensory neurons are widespread in freely breathing mice
Odor landscapes contain complex blends of molecules that each activate unique, overlapping populations of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Despite the presence of hundreds of OSN subtypes in many animals, the overlapping nature of odor inputs may lead to saturation of neural responses at the early stages of stimulus encoding. Information loss due to saturation could be mitigated by normalizing mechanisms such as antagonism at the level of receptor-ligand interactions, whose existence and prevalence remains uncertain. By imaging OSN axon terminals in olfactory bulb glomeruli as well as OSN cell bodies within the olfactory epithelium in freely breathing mice, we find widespread antagonistic interactions in binary odor mixtures. In complex mixtures of up to 12 odorants, antagonistic interactions are stronger and more prevalent with increasing mixture complexity. Therefore, antagonism is a common feature of odor mixture encoding in OSNs and helps in normalizing activity to reduce saturation and increase information transfer.
Odor blends contain molecules that activate unique, overlapping populations of sensory neurons (OSNs). Here, by imaging OSN axon terminals, as well as their cell bodies within the olfactory epithelium, the authors find widespread antagonistic interactions in binary and complex odor mixtures.
Journal Article