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The introduction or strengthening of a carbon tax is being considered in many countries as an economic policy instrument to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, there is no study analyzing the impact of a carbon tax increase in a uniform method for various products, reflecting the energy taxes and exemptions. Therefore, this study analyzes the price changes of products associated with the introduction of a stronger carbon tax, using Japan as an example. A process-based life cycle assessment database was used to enable a detailed product-level analysis. Five scenarios with different taxation amounts and methods were analyzed. The results show that price changes vary greatly by industry sector and product, even within the same industry sector. For example, seasonal vegetables and recycled plastics are less affected by carbon tax increases. Imported products, such as primary aluminum, are not affected by the Japanese carbon tax change, indicating a risk of carbon leakage. If GHGs other than CO2 are also taxed, the price of CH4 and N2O emitting products, such as rice and beef, would rise significantly. The method presented in this paper enables companies to assume price changes in procured products due to carbon taxes and policymakers to analyze the impact of such taxes on products.

In response to the domestic emission trading scheme, Korean companies are required to shift their strategies from voluntary or regulation-driven management approaches to innovative carbon management utilizing their carbon option linked with economic value. Using a questionnaire survey targeting companies subjected to the emission trading scheme, this study explores the status of Korean companies’ carbon management in a series of five strategies and identifies the correlation between companies’ proactive carbon strategies and pre-listed determinant factors. This study found that Korean companies’ practices in accordance with carbon pricing deviate little from conventional energy and environmental management in this phase. They are likely to be affected by the need to appear socially responsible or to make a social contribution, without having to exceed this mandate in terms activities outside of this remit. Yet, only a small proportion of companies have advanced to the stage of proactive carbon management. For them, top managers’ support and understanding are essential factors together with government pressure to factor-in issues related to carbon with their business strategies. This study provides implications for policy and corporate in promoting carbon-oriented management under the carbon policy.

Understanding the interaction of economies with the environment is very important in today's globalized world. Traditional economic models, which focus on single regions, are often inadequate for capturing the complexity of these global interactions. To overcome this, Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) matrices expand conventional Input Output (IO) models by incorporating multiple regions, providing a comprehensive view of economic relationships within the global economy. The purpose of this study is to present a comprehensive bibliometric review of scientific articles published on the topic of \"Multi-Regional Input-Output\" analysis in an attempt to understand the research trends, key themes, and future research directions in this field. The methodology undertaken in this paper is a bibliometric analysis of 1,247 research publications from 2003 to 2024. This has been performed by extracting bibliometric data with the Biblioshiny function of the Bibliometrix package in R-studio and mapping it to identify crucial trends and contributors to MRIO research. The findings of these analyses can be summarised into five key points. First, research in the MRIO field is significantly increasing, especially since 2014 and peaking in 2022. Second, the Journal of Cleaner Production is by far the most prolific source for MRIO research. The thematic analysis finds that \"carbon pricing,\" \"environmental policy,\" and \"embodied energy\" are among the dominant and popular themes within MRIO research. The study highlights the importance of collaboration networks and key contributors within the field, identifying influential authors, sources, and trending keywords. Furthermore, the study underlines that important authors, sources and trending keywords in MRIO research agree with the pattern of collaboration extrapolated considering works cited. Finally, great value is put into future research to investigate new themes and work further on integrating and consolidating them into a wider MRIO framework. This is one of the first attempts at a bibliometric analysis of MRIO research. Hence, this bibliometric review provides valuable insights for future research by pinpointing areas for further investigation, such as integrating MRIO methodologies into broader sustainability assessment frameworks and improving their applicability for policy decision-making.

Carbon pricing has been hailed as an essential component of any sensible climate policy. Internalize the externalities, the logic goes, and polluters will change their behavior. The theory is elegant, but has carbon pricing worked in practice? Despite a voluminous literature on the topic, there are surprisingly few works that conduct an ex-post analysis, examining how carbon pricing has actually performed. This paper provides a meta-review of ex-post quantitative evaluations of carbon pricing policies around the world since 1990. Four findings stand out. First, though carbon pricing has dominated many political discussions of climate change, only 37 studies assess the actual effects of the policy on emissions reductions, and the vast majority of these are focused on Europe. Second, the majority of studies suggest that the aggregate reductions from carbon pricing on emissions are limited—generally between 0% and 2% per year. However, there is considerable variation across sectors. Third, in general, carbon taxes perform better than emissions trading schemes (ETSs). Finally, studies of the EU-ETS, the oldest ETS, indicate limited average annual reductions—ranging from 0% to 1.5% per annum. For comparison, the IPCC states that emissions must fall by 45% below 2010 levels by 2030 in order to limit warming to 1.5 °C—the goal set by the Paris Agreement (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2018). Overall, the evidence indicates that carbon pricing has a limited impact on emissions.

Academic research and institutional scenario analysis has identified changes in fossil fuel reserve development to be an important precursor to global climate change mitigation, with a mounting chorus demanding that fossil fuels be left in the ground. Nevertheless, resource economists have generally avoided modeling endogenous reserve creation in the context of climate change. Our paper highlights reserve development as an important channel through which cumulative emissions will be affected by greenhouse gas policies. We show that while emissions pricing reduces emissions, extraction rates, and reserves, other policy parameters can distort these effects in important ways. Design attributes common in emissions pricing policies such as outputbased allocations of emissions credits create distortions that are propagated through changes in reserve development decisions and may increase emissions. We also discuss how abatement technology alters the cost of complying with policies meant to reduce GHG emissions and thus changes reserve development and eventual emissions. We argue that reduced-form models which treat reserves as pre-determined are likely to incorrectly estimate the emissions impacts of GHG emissions policy changes.

To date there has been an absence of cross-country empirical studies on the efficacy of carbon pricing. In this paper we present estimates of the contribution of carbon pricing to reducing national carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fuel combustion, using several econometric modelling approaches that control for other key policies and for structural factors that are relevant for emissions. We use data for 142 countries over a period of two decades, 43 of which had a carbon price in place at the national level or below by the end of the study period. We find evidence that the average annual growth rate of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion has been around 2 percentage points lower in countries that have had a carbon price compared to countries without. An additional euro per tonne of CO2 in carbon price is associated with a reduction in the subsequent annual emissions growth rate of approximately 0.3 percentage points, all else equal. While it is impossible to fully control for all relevant influences on emissions growth, our estimates suggest that the emissions trajectories of countries with and without carbon prices tend to diverge over time.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are enforced by a set of instruments, among which environmental regulations, green innovation, and carbon taxes play a central part. This article aims to investigate the mitigation capacity of the above-mentioned elements using a sample of 15 European countries. This study takes CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) into account to ensure the consistency and accuracy of the findings. Augmented Dickey–Fuller and CIPS unit root tests, Pesaran CD, Bias-corrected scaled LM are employed to check the cross-sectional dependence. The panel effect is tested using error correction-based modeling along with dynamic approaches, while the Granger causality technique employs country-related outcomes. The results show that innovation and environmental policies help in reducing emissions both in the long and the short run. In addition to this, carbon pricing mitigates emissions in the regions although its effect is more country-specific. We find evidence of both unidirectional and bidirectional causality among the variables. However, in a few cases, they are too a country-specific artifact. As a general conclusion, carbon pricing is an efficient short-run tool to achieve SDGs. At the same time, long-run sustainability relies on green innovation and environmental policy stringency in the region.

In 2019, the German government decided to introduce a national system of emissions trading on transport and heating (nETS) starting on 1st January 2021. The policy design of the nETS was heavily criticized for being labelled as emissions trading while operating in its initial phase as CO2 tax. However, the question of policy design appears to have been rather neglected so far. Moreover, dynamics of the European multilevel system have been of significant importance. The threat of non-fulfillment of European sanctionequipped emission targets, as well as the perspective of a European rather than a national carbon pricing, received increasing attention. To capture the different causes behind policy design choice, the multi-factor Political Process-inherent Dynamics Approach (PIDA) is applied. In addition, the analysis draws on multilevel governance scholarship. The article seeks to contribute to the literature on policy design choice under the circumstances of climate change and multilevel governance. Im Jahr 2019 beschloss die deutsche Regierung, ab dem 1. Januar 2021 ein nationales Emissionshandelssystem für Verkehr und Wärme als Instrument des Klimaschutzes einzuführen. Die Ausgestaltung der nationalen CO2-Bepreisung wurde deutlich kritisiert, da das geschaffene System offiziell als Emissionshandel bezeichnet wurde, jedoch in der Anfangszeit im Sinne einer CO2-Steuer funktioniert. Der Frage nach den Hintergründen des Policy Designs wurde bisher jedoch wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Eine besondere Rolle spielte nicht zuletzt die Einbettung des nationalen Entscheidungsverfahrens in das europäische Mehrebenensystem. Neben der drohenden Nichterfüllung europäischer Emissionsziele scheint die Perspektive einer europäischen statt einer nationalen CO2-Bepreisung den politischen Entscheidungsprozess beeinflusst zu haben. Um die verschiedenen Ursachen für die Wahl des Politikdesigns zu erfassen, wird auf den Ansatz eigendynamischer politischer Prozesse (AEP) zurückgegriffen sowie an die Multilevel Governance Forschung angeknüpft. Der Artikel soll einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Politikgestaltung und Instrumentenwahl unter den Bedingungen des Klimawandels und des Mehrebenenregierens leisten.

The green innovations, environmental policies, and carbon taxes are the tools to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the mitigation process. This study is intended to examine the impact of innovation, carbon pricing (CTAX), environmental policies (EP), and energy consumption (ECON) on PM 2.5 and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission for Central-Eastern European countries. The panel effect during 2000–2018 is tested using a dynamic panel data model while the Granger causality approach obtains country-related outcomes. The outcomes reveal that eco-friendly innovations have a more profound effect on carbon mitigation. Environmental policies reduce emissions by 2.7% in the short run and 17.4% in the long run. Similarly, CTAX mitigates GHG emissions by 8.6% in the short-run and PM2.5 by 0.9% and 5.7% in the short and long run. However, urbanization, energy consumption and trade openness are the leading polluters in the region. The main findings remain dominant in the country-specific results and find unidirectional and bidirectional causality evidence among variables. The research concludes that green innovations and strict environmental policy can lead towards achieving sustainable development goals using carbon taxes as a tool on the way. Graphical abstract

Notwithstanding great progress in scientific and economic understanding of climate change, it has proven difficult to forge international agreements because of free-riding, as seen in the defunct Kyoto Protocol. This study examines the club as a model for international climate policy. Based on economic theory and empirical modeling, it finds that without sanctions against non-participants there are no stable coalitions other than those with minimal abatement. By contrast, a regime with small trade penalties on non-participants, a Climate Club, can induce a large stable coalition with high levels of abatement.