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El presente artículo analiza la viabilidad de la zoocría de chigüiros (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Linnaeus 1766) en el departamento del Caquetá como alternativa productiva frente a los sistemas tradicionales de ganadería bovina y avícola. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de literatura, aplicando la metodología de la teoría fundamentada y siguiendo los lineamientos de la declaración PRISMA 2020 para la identificación, selección y evaluación de estudios. Los resultados indican que la cría de chigüiros ofrece ventajas significativas en términos de productividad y de contribución a la seguridad alimentaria en comunidades rurales de la región amazónica. Además, se encontró que la zoocría de esta especie genera un impacto ambiental menor en comparación con los sistemas pecuarios tradicionales, lo que contribuye a la conservación de los ecosistemas locales y a la reducción de la deforestación. También se identificaron barreras normativas y logísticas para la implementación de zoocriaderos en el Caquetá, aunque se destaca el potencial económico y ecológico de estos sistemas. En conclusión, la zoocría de chigüiros no solo favorece la preservación de la fauna silvestre, sino que también representa una opción sostenible para el desarrollo socioeconómico regional y la seguridad alimentaria de las comunidades locales. This article analyzes the feasibility of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Linnaeus 1766) farming in the Department of Caquetá as a productive alternative to traditional cattle and poultry farming systems. A systematic literature review was conducted, applying grounded theory methodology and following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines for the identification, selection, and evaluation of relevant studies. The findings show that capybara farming offers significant advantages in terms of productivity and its potential contribution to food security in rural communities of the Amazon region. Additionally, it was determined that this production system has a lower environmental impact compared to conventional livestock farming, promoting the conservation of local ecosystems and contributing to deforestation reduction.Despite the identification of regulatory and logistical barriers to the implementation of capybara breeding operations in Caquetá, the economic and ecological potential of such systems remains noteworthy. In conclusion, capybara farming not only supports the conservation of native wildlife but also represents a sustainable alternative for regional socioeconomic development and the strengthening of food security in local communities.

La identificación de tendencias en el consumo de carne resulta indispensable para los planes de establecimiento y asesoría de los sistemas de producción zootécnica, especialmente en zonas de alto impacto ambiental como la Amazonía colombiana. El estudio presentado en este artículo identifica las tendencias globales de consumo de carne, a partir de una muestra poblacional obtenida en la ciudad Amazónica de Florencia, capital del departamento del Caquetá. En el mismo, se concluyó un bajo interés por aspectos relacionados con adecuadas condiciones de manejo y sacrifico de animales, a pesar de considerar este factor como condicionante de la calidad del producto; entre otros resultados, se identifica claramente que el consumo de carne, principalmente de res, obedece a cuestiones culturales y sociales, y no a las características organolépticas del producto o su precio. Con relación al consumo de carne de monte, a partir del análisis de preferencia y precio, en el marco de la inexistencia de zoocriaderos en lo zona o cerca de ella, se deduce la ilegalidad de su proveniencia, y se concluye un desconocimiento pleno de los riegos ambientales, zoonóticos y legales, que acarrea este delito. Palabras clave Bienestar animal, buenas prácticas ganaderas, carne, carne de monte. Identificar tendências do consumo de carne é essencial para os quadros de pessoal e conselhos de sistemas de produção animal, especialmente em áreas de alto impacto ambiental, como a Amazônia colombiana. O estudo apresentado neste artigo identifica as tendências mundiais em consumo de carne a partir de uma amostra da população obtida na cidade amazônica de Florença, capital do departamento de Caquetá. Nos mesmos aspectos de juro baixas condições adequadas de manejo e abate de animais, apesar de considerar este fator como determinante da qualidade do produto é concluída; entre outros resultados, identifica claramente que o consumo de carne, especialmente carne, devido a questões culturais e sociais, e não com as características organolépticas do produto ou seu preço. No que diz respeito ao consumo de carne de animais selvagens, a partir da análise de preferência e preço, no contexto da ausência de zoocriaderos na ou perto da área a ele, o ilícita do seu proveniência é claro, e cheio de ignorância, conclui-se ambiental, zoonótico e riscos legais que implica este crime. Palavras-chave Bem-estar animal, boas práticas agrícolas, carne, carne de caça. Identifying trends in meat consumption is indispensable for establishing plans and advice to animal production systems, especially in areas of high environmental impact such as the Colombian Amazon basin. This study identifies global trends in meat consumption from a sample obtained in the Amazonian city of Florencia, capital of Caquetá province. Lack of interest was observed among the population about proper management conditions and slaughter of animals, despite they considered these factors to be determinant of product quality. The study clearly identified that meat consumption, especially beef, depends more on cultural and social issues than price or organoleptic characteristics of the product. From a preference and price analysis, and considering the lack of wild animal farming in or near the area, we assume all game meat consumed in the area is of illegal origin. Consumers of wild meat are not aware of the environmental, zoonotic and legal risks associated with this offense. Key words Animal welfare, bush meat, good farmingpractices, meat.

Bushmeat hunting is an activity integral to rural forest communities that provides a high proportion of household incomes and protein requirements. An improved understanding of the relationship between bushmeat hunting and household wealth is vital to assess the potential effects of future policy interventions to regulate an increasingly unsustainable bushmeat trade. We investigated the relationship between hunting offtake and household wealth, gender differences in spending patterns, and the use of hunting incomes in two rural forest communities, Central Gabon, from 2003 to 2005. Households in which members hunted (hunting households) were significantly wealthier than households in which no one hunted (nonhunting households), but within hunting households offtakes were not correlated with household wealth. This suggests there are access barriers to becoming a hunter and that hunting offtakes may not be the main driver of wealth accumulation. Over half of the money spent by men in the village shop was on alcohol and cigarettes, and the amount and proportion of income spent on these items increased substantially with increases in individual hunting offtake. By contrast, the majority of purchases made by women were of food, but their food purchases decreased actually and proportionally with increased household hunting offtake. This suggests that the availability of bushmeat as a food source decreases spending on food, whereas hunting income may be spent in part on items that do not contribute significantly to household food security. Conservation interventions that aim to reduce the commercial bushmeat trade need to account for likely shifts in individual spending that may ensue and the secondary effects on household economies.

Nocturnal mammals are poorly studied in Central Africa, a region experiencing dramatic increases in logging, roads, and hunting activity. In the rainforests of southern Gabon, we used spotlighting surveys to estimate abundances of nocturnal mammal species and guilds at varying distances from forest roads and between hunted and unhunted treatments (comparing a 130-km² oil concession that was nearly free of hunting, with nearby areas outside the concession that had moderate hunting pressure). At each of 12 study sites that were evenly divided between hunted and unhunted areas, we established standardized 1-km transects along road verges and at 50, 300, and 600 m from the road. We then repeatedly surveyed mammals at each site during 2006. Hunting had few apparent effects on this assemblage. Nevertheless, the species richness and often the abundance of nocturnal primates, smaller ungulates, and carnivores were significantly depressed within approximately 30 m of roads. Scansorial rodents increased in abundance in hunted forests, possibly in response to habitat changes caused by logging or nearby swidden farming. In multiple-regression models many species and guilds were significantly influenced by forest-canopy and understory cover, both of which are altered by logging and by certain abiotic variables. In general, nocturnal species, many of which are arboreal or relatively small in size (<10 kg), were less strongly influenced by hunting and more strongly affected by human-induced changes in forest structure than were larger mammal species in our study area. /// Los mamíferos nocturnos casi no han sido estudiados en África Central, una región que experimenta un incremento dramático de tala, carreteras y actividades cinegéticas. En los bosques lluviosos del sur de Gabón, utilizamos muestreos con lámparas para estimar las abundancias de especies y gremios de mamíferos nocturnos a distintas distancias de carreteras y entre tratamientos con y sin cacería (comparamos una concesión petrolera de 130 km² que prácticamente estaba libre de cacería con áreas afuera de la concesión que tenían presión cinegética moderada). Establecimos transectos de 1 km a lo largo de carreteras y a 50 m, 300 m y 600 m de la carretera en cada uno de los 12 sitios de estudio, que estaban divididos en áreas con y sin cacería. Posteriormente, muestreamos mamíferos en cada sitio durante 2006. La cacería tuvo pocos efectos aparentes sobre este ensamble. Sin embargo, la riqueza de especies y, a menudo, la abundancia de los primates nocturnos, de ungulados pequeños y de carnívoros disminuía significativamente a ∼30 m de las carreteras. La abundancia de roedores trepadores incrementó en los bosques con cacería, posiblemente como respuesta a los cambios de hábitat provocados por la tala o la agricultura de tumba-roza-quema. En los modelos de regresión múltiple, muchas especies y gremios fueron influidos significativamente por la cobertura del dosel y del sotobosque, que son alteradas por la tala y ciertas variables abióticas. En general, las especies nocturnas, muchas de las cuales son arborícolas o de tamaño relativamente pequeño (<10 kg), fueron menos afectadas por la cacería, pero más afectadas por los cambios en la estructura del bosque inducidos por humanos, que las especies de mamíferos mayores en nuestra área de estudio.

Results of many studies show unsustainable levels of bushmeat hunting across West/Central Africa. Nevertheless, these results are usually derived from snapshot sustainability indices in which critical parameters are often taken from the literature. Simple, more informative tools for assessing sustainability are needed. We evaluated the impact of bushmeat hunting across a range of temporal, spatial, and taxonomic scales in a comparison of different measures of sustainability. Over 15 months in 2002-2004 in and around a village close to Equatorial Guinea's Monte Alén National Park, we collected data via a village offtake survey, hunter-camp bushmeat-consumption diaries, hunter interviews, and following hunters during hunts. We compared 2003 data with a previous offtake survey (1998-1999) and interview reports back to 1990. In the past 14 years, average distance from the village at which hunters operated remained constant, with hunters switching back and forth between long-established camps, although trapping effort increased. In the past 5 years, overall offtake and number of active hunters did not change substantially, although catch per unit effort (CPUE) decreased slightly. Although the proportion of the two most commonly trapped species (Cephalophus monticola and Atherurus africanus) and gun-hunted primates increased in the offtake, species presumably less robust to trapping decreased slightly. Apparent sustainability in economic terms may be masking gradual local extirpation of more vulnerable species before and during this study. Our results suggest that changes in prey profiles and CPUE may be the most accurate indicators of actual sustainability; these indices can be monitored with simple village-based offtake surveys and hunter interviews to improve community management of bushmeat hunting.

The paper examines the relationship between farmers' operating risks and current subsidies. Focused at the commodity level, the analysis is based on a sample survey of costs and yields of two crops (winter wheat and rapeseed) and two livestock commodities (cow milk and fattening cattle) carried out in the Czech Republic in 2005-2007. The risk analysis relates to the growing conditions, crop yields and livestock productivity. The future role of the subsidies as the risk management tool in the farming business, as well as the position of this instrument against the other risk management instruments is analysed. The break even analysis and the Monte Carlo simulation were used as analytical tools. The results indicate that the current subsidies have an impact on the stability of the farmers' income. Partially or fully decoupled payments serve as a financial pillow increasing the level of the farmers' income and extending the farmers' decision-making possibilities. Furthermore, the current subsidies reduce the variability of the farmers' income. The current subsidies are a suitable complement to other commonly used risk management tools primarily designed to reduce the farmers' and farm income variability.

A probabilistic risk assessment model was developed to estimate the risk to human health of Taenia saginata in the New Zealand cattle population. A standardized monitoring program was established to determine the number of suspect cysts detected during postmortem inspection and the scenario set was applied to risks in both the domestic and export markets. The mean number of human infections per year as a result of consumption in the export and the domestic market was estimated as 0.50 and 1.0 respectively. Estimations for expression of specific clinical symptoms were even less. In a scenario set where postmortem inspection procedures for T. saginata were not applied, the mean number of human infections per year was estimated to increase from 0.50 to 0.61 in the export market and from 1.10 to 1.30 in the domestic market. Given that T. saginata infection in humans results in mild and readily treatable symptoms, these risk estimates are extremely low on any scale of food-borne disease and bring the value of specific postmortem inspection procedures for T. saginata in the New Zealand situation into question. The Monte Carlo model developed to calculate these probabilities is presented here in detail to illustrate the potential of Monte Carlo methods for modeling risk

Biased estimates of the genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects may occur when sire X year interaction (SY) effects are ignored in analytical models used to estimate (co)variance components for weaning weight in beef cattle. Using simulation, sire misidentification was explored as a source contributing to estimates of SY variance. Identifications were falsified for 20% of sires of nonparents only or for 20% of sires of all animals. Sire misidentification influenced estimates of genetic and environmental parameters. In populations in which misidentification occurred only in nonparents, heritability estimates for direct growth were reduced, and heritability estimates of maternal effects were inflated. Also, spurious SY variance and direct-maternal covariance were produced. Direct-maternal covariance was biased in a positive direction, and SY variance was on the order of 1 to 3% of the phenotypic variance

An almost ideal demand system for meats is estimated using Canadian data. A Bayesian approach is used to impose inequality restrictions on substitution elasticities, via Monte Carlo integration and importance sampling, in order to conform with prior beliefs about curvature and monotonicity restrictions and substitution relationships. Results are more consistent with the concavity and monotonicity restrictions from demand theory than with the added restriction that all meats are substitutes.

A comment on Kuo Huang's article (1994) on elasticities attempts to show the underlying problem with inversion of conditional demand sensitivities by examining the implications of weak separability for cross-price elasticities between separable groups.