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Ecological distance-based spatial capture–recapture models (SCR) are a promising approach for simultaneously estimating animal density and connectivity, both of which affect spatial population processes and ultimately species persistence. We explored how SCR models can be integrated into reserve-design frameworks that explicitly acknowledge both the spatial distribution of individuals and their space use resulting from landscape structure. We formulated the design of wildlife reserves as a budget-constrained optimization problem and conducted a simulation to explore 3 different SCR-informed optimization objectives that prioritized different conservation goals by maximizing the number of protected individuals, reserve connectivity, and density-weighted connectivity. We also studied the effect on our 3 objectives of enforcing that the space-use requirements of individuals be met by the reserve for individuals to be considered conserved (referred to as home-range constraints). Maximizing local population density resulted in fragmented reserves that would likely not aid long-term population persistence, and maximizing the connectivity objective yielded reserves that protected the fewest individuals. However, maximizing density-weighted connectivity or preemptively imposing home-range constraints on reserve design yielded reserves of largely spatially compact sets of parcels covering high-density areas in the landscape with high functional connectivity between them. Our results quantify the extent to which reserve design is constrained by individual home-range requirements and highlight that accounting for individual space use in the objective and constraints can help in the design of reserves that balance abundance and connectivity in a biologically relevant manner. Los modelos de captura-recaptura espacial (CRE) basados en distancias ecológicas son un método prometedor para estimar la densidad animal y la conectividad, las cuales afectan los procesos poblacionales espaciales y, en última instancia, la persistencia de las especies. Exploramos cómo se puede integrar a los modelos CRE en los marcos de diseño de reserva que explícitamente reconocen tanto la distribución espacial de los individuos como su uso del espacio resultante de la estructura del paisaje. Formulamos el diseño de reservas de vida silvestre como un problema de optimización de presupuesto limitado y realizamos una simulación para explorar 3 diferentes objetivos de optimización informados por CRE que priorizaron diferentes metas de conservación mediante la maximización del número de individuos protegidos; la conectividad de la reserva y la conectividad ponderada por la densidad. También estudiamos el efecto sobre nuestros objetivos de hacer que los requerimientos individuales de uso de espacio fuesen satisfechos por la reserva de manera que se pudiese considerar que los individuos estaban protegidos (referidos como restricciones de rango de hogar). La maximización de la densidad de la población local resultó en reservas fragmentadas que probablemente no contribuyan a la persistencia de la población a largo plazo, mientras que la maximización de la conectividad produjo reservas que protegían al menor número de individuos. Sin embargo, la maximización de la conectividad ponderada por la densidad o la imposición preventiva de restricciones de rango de hogar en el diseño de reservas produjo reservas compuestas por conjuntos de parcelas mayormente compactas espacialmente que cubrían áreas de densidad alta en el paisaje con alta conectividad funcional entre ellas. Nuestros resultados cuantifican la extensiónalacualeldiseño de reservas esta limitado por los requerimientos de rango de hogar individuales y resaltan que la consideración del uso de espacio individual en el objetivo y limitaciones puede ayudar al diseño de reservas que equilibren la abundancia y la conectividad de manera biológicamente relevante. 基于生态距离的空间捕获-重捕模型（spatial capture-recapture model, SCR) 有望同时估计动物密度和连 接度，这两者通过影响种群空间过程，最终影响着物种续存。我们探究了如何将 SCR 模型整合到保护区设计框 架中，以兼顾个体的空间分布和对景观结构的空间利用。我们认为野生动物保护区设计可以看作是受预算限制 的最优化问题，并且模拟了三种基于 SCR 信息实现保护目标最优化的情况，即优先考虑保护个体数目最大化、 保护区连接度最优化以及密度加权的连接度最优化。我们还分析了在保护区满足个体:空间利用需求的前提下这 三个目标受到的影响，这个条件是为了确保个体凌到有效保护（即家域约束）。实现局部种群密度最大化会导致 保护区破碎化，这可能不利于种群的长期续存;而考虑连接度最优化则会导致保护区覆盖的个体数最少。然而， 考虑密度加权的连接度最优化，或在保护区设计中优先加人家域约束，则保护区会含有大量空间上紧密的斑块 以覆盖景观中种群密度高的地区，斑块之间功能连接度也较高。本研究结果量化分析了个体的家域需求的限制 对保护区设计的影响程度，并强调了在保护区设计的目标和限制中考虑个体:空间利用将有助于设计出生物学意 义上平衡丰度和连接度的保护区。

Increasing connectivity is an important strategy for facilitating species range shifts and maintaining biodiversity in the face of climate change. To date, however, few researchers have included future climate projections in efforts to prioritize areas for increasing connectivity. We identified key areas likely to facilitate climate-induced species' movement across western North America. Using historical climate data sets and future climate projections, we mapped potential species' movement routes that link current climate conditions to analogous climate conditions in the future (i.e., future climate analogs) with a novel moving-window analysis based on electrical circuit theory. In addition to tracing shifting climates, the approach accounted for landscape permeability and empirically derived species' dispersal capabilities. We compared connectivity maps generated with our climate-hange-informed approach with maps of connectivity based solely on the degree of human modification of the landscape. Including future climate projections in connectivity models substantially shifted and constrained priority areas for movement to a smaller proportion of the landscape than when climate projections were not considered. Potential movement, measured as current flow, decreased in all ecoregions when climate projections were included, particularly when dispersal was limited, which made climate analogs inaccessible. Many areas emerged as important for connectivity only when climate change was modeled in 2 time steps rather than in a single time step. Our results illustrate that movement routes needed to track changing climatic conditions may differ from those that connect present-day landscapes. Incorporating future climate projections into connectivity modeling is an important step toward facilitating successful species movement and population persistence in a changing climate. Incrementar la conectividad es una estrategia importante para facilitarle a las especies cambios en su extensión y mantener a la biodiversidad de frente al cambio climático. Sin embargo, a la fecha pocos investigadores ban incluido las proyecciones del futuro climático en los esfuerzos priorizar áreas para incrementar la conectividad. Identificamos áreas clave con probabilidad de facilitar el movimiento de las especies inducido por el clima en América del Norte. Por medio de un análisis novedoso de ventana en movimiento basado en la teoría de los circuitos eléctricos, mapeamos las rutas potenciales de movimiento de las especies que enlazan las condiciones climáticas actuates con condiciones climáticas análogas en el futuro (es decir, futuros climas análogos) utilizando conjuntos de datos históricos del clima y las proyecciones del futuro climático. Además de rastrear los climas cambiantes, la estrategia tomó en cuenta la permeabilidad del paisaje y derivó empíricamente las capacidades de dispersión de las especies. Comparamos los mapas de conectividad generados con nuestra estrategia informada por el cambio climático con los mapas de conectividad basados solamente en el grado de modificación humana del paisaje. La inclusión de las proyecciones del futuro climático dentro de los modelos de conectividad modificó y restringió sustancialmente las áreas prioritarias de movimiento a una porción mas pequeña del paisaje que cuando no se consideraron las proyecciones climàticas. El movimiento potential, medido como el flujo de corriente, disminuyó en todas las ecoregiones cuando se incluyeron las proyecciones climáticas, particularmente cuando la dispersión estuvo limitada, lo que hizo que los análogos climáticos fueran inaccesibles. Muchas áreas emergieron como importantes para la conectividad sólo cuando el cambio climático fue modelado en pasos de dos tiempos, en lugar de un paso de un sólo tiempo. Nuestros resultados ilustran que las rutas de movimiento necesarias para rastrear las condiciones climáticas cambiantes pueden diferir de aquellas que conectan a los paisajes hoy en día. La incorporatión de las proyecciones del futuro climático dentro del modelado de conectividad es un paso importante hacia la facilitatión del movimiento exitoso para las especies y la persistencia de las poblaciones en un clima cambiante.

Using corridors for conservation is increasing despite a lack of consensus on their efficacy. Specifically, whether corridors increase movement of plants and animals between habitat fragments has been addressed on a case-by-case basis with mixed results. Because of the growing number of well-designed experiments that have addressed this question, we conducted a meta-analysis to determine whether corridors increase movement; whether corridor effectiveness differs among taxa; how recent changes in experimental design have influenced findings; and whether corridor effectiveness differs between manipulative and natural experiments. To conduct our meta-analysis, we analyzed 78 experiments from 35 studies using a conservative hierarchical Bayesian model that accounts for hierarchical and sampling dependence. We found a highly significant result that corridors increase movement between habitat patches by approximately 50% compared to patches that are not connected with corridors. We found that corridors were more important for the movement of invertebrates, nonavian vertebrates, and plants than they were for birds. Recent methodological advances in corridor experiments, such as controlling for the area added by corridors, did not influence whether corridors increased movement, whereas controlling for the distance between source and connected or unconnected recipient patches decreased movement through corridors. After controlling for taxa differences and whether studies controlled for distance in experimental design, we found that natural corridors (those existing in landscapes prior to the study) showed more movement than manipulated corridors (those created and maintained for the study). Our results suggest that existing corridors increase species movement in fragmented landscapes and that efforts spent on maintaining and creating corridors are worthwhile.

In a context of accelerated digital transformation, social networking sites have changed the strategies used in organisational communication. In this article, netnography and socia lnetwork analysis are used to analyse the connectedness, interaction, and leadership processes engaged in by Spanish associations of socialworkers in online social networks, specifically Facebook and Twitter. Algorithms were used to detect communities that form communication structures that determine the dynamics of cooperation and cohesion. The results show a strongly hierarchical communication structure, where communities tend to closure. Based on the results obtained, a series of strategies are presented to improve the cooperation between the Spanish associations of socialworkers in social networking sites.

The European Union has made extensive biodiversity conservation efforts with the Habitats and Birds Directives and with the establishment of the Natura 2000 network of protected areas, one of the largest networks of conservation areas worldwide. We performed a gap analysis of the entire Natura 2000 system plus national protected areas and all terrestrial vertebrates (freshwater fish excluded). We also evaluated the level of connectivity of both systems, providing therefore a first estimate of the functionality of the Natura 2000 system as an effective network of protected areas. Together national protected areas and the Natura 2000 network covered more than one‐third of the European Union. National protected areas did not offer protection to 13 total gap species (i.e., species not covered by any protected area) or to almost 300 partial gap species (i.e., species whose representation target is not met). Together the Natura 2000 network and national protected areas left 1 total gap species and 121 partial gap species unprotected. The terrestrial vertebrates listed in the Habitats and Birds Directives were relatively well covered (especially birds), and overall connectivity was improved considerably by Natura 2000 sites that act as stepping stones between national protected areas. Overall, we found that the Natura 2000 network represents at continental level an important network of protected areas that acts as a good complement to existing national protected areas. However, a number of problems remain that are mainly linked to the criteria used to list the species in the Habitats and Birds Directives. The European Commission initiated in 2014 a process aimed at assessing the importance of the Birds and Habitats Directives for biodiversity conservation. Our results contribute to this assessment and suggest the system is largely effective for terrestrial vertebrates but would benefit from further updating of the species lists and field management.

To conserve ecological connectivity (the ability to support animal movement, gene flow, range shifts, and other ecological and evolutionary processes that require large areas), conservation professionals need coarse-grained maps to serve as decision-support tools or vision statements and fine-grained maps to prescribe site-specific interventions. To date, research has focused primarily on fine-grained maps (linkage designs) covering small areas. In contrast, we devised 7 steps to coarsely map dozens to hundreds of linkages over a large area, such as a nation, province, or ecoregion. We provide recommendations on how to perform each step on the basis of our experiences with 6 projects: California Missing Linkages (2001), Arizona Wildlife Linkage Assessment (2006), California Essential Habitat Connectivity (2010), Two Countries, One Forest (northeastern United States and southeastern Canada) (2010), Washington State Connected Landscapes (2010), and the Bhutan Biological Corridor Complex (2010). The 2 most difficult steps are mapping natural landscape blocks (areas whose conservation value derives from the species and ecological processes within them) and determining which pairs of blocks can feasibly be connected in a way that promotes conservation.Decision rules for mapping natural landscape blocks and determining which pairs of blocks to connect must reflect not only technical criteria, but also the values and priorities of stakeholders. We recommend blocks be mapped on the basis of a combination of naturalness, protection status, linear barriers, and habitat quality for selected species. We describe manual and automated procedures to identify currently functioning or restorable linkages. Once pairs of blocks have been identified, linkage polygons can be mapped by least-cost modeling, other approaches from graph theory, or individual-based movement models. The approaches we outline make assumptions explicit, have outputs that can be improved as underlying data are improved, and help implementers focus strictly on ecological connectivity. Para conservar la conectividad ecologica (la habilidad para soportar movimiento de animales, flujo de genes, cambios de rango de distribucion y otros procesos ecológicos y evolutivos que requieren áreas extensas), los profesionales de la conservación necesitan mapas de grano grueso que sirvan como herramientas de soporte para la toma de decisiones y mapas de grano fino para recomendar intervenciones en sitios especificos. A la fecha, la investigación se ha centrado principalmente en mapas de grano fino (diseño de conexiones) que abarcan areas pequeüas. En contraste, diseüamos 7 pasos para hacer mapas de grano grueso de docenas hasta centenas de conexiones en un área extensa, como un pais, provincia ecorregión. Proporcionamos recomendaciones de cómo llevar a cabo cada paso con base en nuestrasexperiencias con oproyectos: Conexiones Faltantes en California (2001), Evaluatión de la Conexión de Vida Silvestre en Arizona (2006), Conectividad de Hábitat Esencial de California (2010), Dos Paises-Un Bosque (noreste de Estados Unidos y sureste de Canadá) (2010), Paisajes Conectados del Estado de Washington (2010), y el Complejo del Corredor Biologico de Bután (2010). Los dos pasos mas difidles son el mapeo de los bloques de paisaje natural (áreas donde el valor de conservatión se dériva de las especies y sus procesos ecológicos) y la déterminatión de los pares de bloques que son factibles de conectarse de manera que promueva la conservatión. Las réglas de decisión para el mapeo de bloques de paisaje natural y la déterminatión de cuales pares de bloques sern conectados debe reflejar no solo criterios técnicos, sino también los valores yprioridades de los actores involucrados. Recomendamos que los bloques sean mapeados con base en una combination de naturalidad, estatus de protection, barreras lineales, y calidad del habitat para especies selectas. Describimos procedimientos manualesy automatizados para identificar las conexiones restaurables ofuncionales actualmente. Una vez que los pares de bloques han sido identificados, lospoligonos de conexion pueden ser mapeados por modelaje de costo minimo, otros métodos de teoria dégrafas modelos de movimiento basados en individuos. Los métodos que delineamos hacen suposiciones explicitas, tienen resultados que pueden ser mejorados a medida que mejoran los datos subyacentes y ayudan a que los implementadores se concentren estrictamente en la conectividad ecologica.

En la actual era de la conectividad, el Edge Computing emerge como una solución innovadora que redefine la forma en que se procesa y se analizan los datos. Este artículo describe el Edge Computing, explorando sus posibilidades y su impacto en la tecnología actual, abordando aspectos la reducción de latencia hasta la mejora de la eficiencia en el uso de datos. Se ilustra la arquitectura junto con las ventajas y desafíos que esta tecnología introduce en campos como el Internet de las Cosas (IoT), la analítica de datos en tiempo real y la privacidad. Con un enfoque en la evolución del Cloud Computing, este artículo invita a los lectores a explorar cómo el Edge Computing está transformando la conectividad y abriendo nuevas posibilidades para la innovación en un mundo cada vez más interconectado.

Many migratory animals are experiencing rapid population declines, but migration data with the geographic scope and resolution to quantify the complex network of movements between breeding and nonbreeding regions are often lacking. Determining the most frequently used migration routes and nonbreeding regions for a species is critical for understanding population dynamics and making effective conservation decisions. We tracked the migration of individual Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) (n = 102) from across their range with light‐level geolocators and, for the first time, quantified migration routes and wintering regions for distinct breeding populations. We identified regional and species‐level migratory connectivity networks for this declining songbird by combining our tracking results with range‐wide breeding abundance estimates and forest cover data. More than 50% of the species occupied the eastern wintering range (Honduras to Costa Rica), a region that includes only one‐third of all wintering habitat and that is undergoing intensive deforestation. We estimated that half of all Wood Thrushes in North America migrate south through Florida in fall, whereas in spring approximately 73% funnel northward through a narrow span along the central U.S. Gulf Coast (88–93°W). Identifying migratory networks is a critical step for conservation of songbirds and we demonstrated with Wood Thrushes how it can highlight conservation hotspots for regional populations and species as a whole.

Conservation biologists recognize that a system of isolated protected areas will be necessary but insufficient to meet biodiversity objectives. Current approaches to connecting core conservation areas through corridors consider optimal corridor placement based on a single optimization goal: commonly, maximizing the movement for a target species across a network of protected areas. We show that designing corridors for single species based on purely ecological criteria leads to extremely expensive linkages that are suboptimal for multispecies connectivity objectives. Similarly, acquiring the least-expensive linkages leads to ecologically poor solutions. We developed algorithms for optimizing corridors for multispecies use given a specific budget. We applied our approach in western Montana to demonstrate how the solutions may be used to evaluate trade-offs in connectivity for 2 species with different habitat requirements, different core areas, and different conservation values under different budgets. We evaluated corridors that were optimal for each species individually and for both species jointly. Incorporating a budget constraint and jointly optimizing for both species resulted in corridors that were close to the individual species movement-potential optima but with substantial cost savings. Our approach produced corridors that were within 14% and 11% of the best possible corridor connectivity for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and wolverines (Gulo gulo), respectively, and saved 75% of the cost. Similarly, joint optimization under a combined budget resulted in improved connectivity for both species relative to splitting the budget in 2 to optimize for each species individually. Our results demonstrate economies of scale and complementarities conservation planners can achieve by optimizing corridor designs for financial costs and for multiple species connectivity jointly. We believe that our approach will facilitate corridor conservation by reducing acquisition costs and by allowing derived corridors to more closely reflect conservation priorities. Los biólogos de la conservación reconocen que un sistema de áreas protegidas aisladas será necesario pero insuficiente para alcanzar los objetivos de la biodiversidad. Las estrategias actuales para conectar las áreas núcleos de conservación por medio de corredores consideran la ubicación óptima de estos con base en un solo objetivo de optimización: maximizar, comúnmente, el movimiento de una especie blanco a lo largo de una red de áreas protegidas. Mostramos que diseñar los corredores para una especie única con base solamente en un criterio ecológico lleva a enlazamientos extremadamente caros que son sub-óptimos para los objetivos de conectividad de especies múltiples. De manera similar, adquirir los enlazamientos menos caros lleva a soluciones ecológicamente pobres. Desarrollamos algoritmos para optimizarlos corredores para el uso de especies múltiples dado un presupuesto específico. Aplicamos nuestra estrategia en el oeste de Montana para demostrar cómo las soluciones pueden utilizarse para evaluar las compensaciones en la conectividad de dos especies con requerimientos de habitat diferentes, áreas nucleares diferentes y valores de conservación diferentes bajo presupuestos diferentes. Evaluamos los corredores que fueron óptimos para cada especie individualmente y para ambas especies en conjunto. Incorporar una restricción de presupuesto y optimizar en conjunto para ambas especies resultó en corredores que estuvieron próximos al potencial óptimo de movimiento de las especies individuales pero con ahorros sustanciales de gastos. Nuestra estrategia produjo corredores que estuvieron dentro del 14 % y el 11 % de la mejor conectividad posible entre corredores para los osos pardos (Ursus arctos) y los glotones (Gulo gulo), respectivamente, y ahorro el 75 % del costo. De igual manera, la optimización conjunta bajo un presupuesto combinado resultó en una conectividad mejorada para ambas especies en relación a la división del presupuesto en dos para optimizar para cada especie individualmente. Nuestros resultados demuestran la economía de escala y las complementariedades que los planeadores de la conservación pueden obtener al optimizar los diseños del corredor para financiar los costos y para los objetivos de conectividad de especies múltiples en conjunto. Creemos que nuestra estrategia puede facilitar la conservación de corredores al reducir los costos de adquisición y al permitir que los corredores derivados reflejen más cercanamente las prioridades de conservación.

Despite many studies showing that landscape corridors increase dispersal and species richness for disparate taxa, concerns persist that corridors can have unintended negative effects. In particular, some of the same mechanisms that underlie positive effects of corridors on species of conservation interest may also increase the spread and impact of antagonistic species (e.g., predators and pathogens), foster negative effects of edges, increase invasion by exotic species, increase the spread of unwanted disturbances such as fire, or increase population synchrony and thus reduce persistence. We conducted a literature review and meta‐analysis to evaluate the prevalence of each of these negative effects. We found no evidence that corridors increase unwanted disturbance or non‐native species invasion; however, these have not been well‐studied concerns (1 and 6 studies, respectively). Other effects of corridors were more often studied and yielded inconsistent results; mean effect sizes were indistinguishable from zero. The effect of edges on abundances of target species was as likely to be positive as negative. Corridors were as likely to have no effect on antagonists or population synchrony as they were to increase those negative effects. We found 3 deficiencies in the literature. First, despite studies on how corridors affect predators, there are few studies of related consequences for prey population size and persistence. Second, properly designed studies of negative corridor effects are needed in natural corridors at scales larger than those achievable in experimental systems. Third, studies are needed to test more targeted hypotheses about when corridor‐mediated effects on invasive species or disturbance may be negative for species of management concern. Overall, we found no overarching support for concerns that construction and maintenance of habitat corridors may result in unintended negative consequences. Negative edge effects may be mitigated by widening corridors or softening edges between corridors and the matrix. Other negative effects are relatively small and manageable compared with the large positive effects of facilitating dispersal and increasing diversity of native species.