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Climate change is a serious global issue that poses many risks to environmental and human systems. Although human activity is cited as the main cause of climate change and organizations significantly contribute to climate change, research that investigates workplace pro-environmental behaviors remains scarce. We develop and test a model that links environmentally-specific transformational leadership and leaders' workplace pro-environmental behaviors to employees' pro-environmental passion and behaviors. Structural equation modeling on data from 139 subordinate—leader dyads (M ages = 37.42 and 40.17 years, respectively) showed that leaders' environmental descriptive norms predicted their environmentally-specific transformational leadership and their workplace pro-environmental behaviors, both of which predicted employees' harmonious environmental passion. In turn, employees' own harmonious environmental passion and their leaders' workplace pro-environmental behaviors predicted their workplace pro-environmental behaviors. These findings show that leaders' environmental descriptive norms and the leadership and pro-environmental behaviors they enact play an important role in the greening of organizations. Conceptual and practical implications are discussed.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report findings from two studies that compare the nature (construct validity) and relative effects (incremental predictive validity) of environmentally specific transformational leadership (ETFL) to general transformational leadership. Design/methodology/approach The nature of ETFL was investigated in an empirical study based on a sample of 185 employees. The relative effects of ETFL were examined in an experimental study based on a sample of 155 university students. Findings A confirmatory factor analysis showed that environmentally specific and general transformational leadership are empirically distinct but related. Findings from the experimental study revealed that compared to general transformational leadership and a control condition, participants exposed to ETFL he confederate leader’s environmental values and priorities more highly and engaged in higher levels of pro-environmental behaviors. Research limitations/implications Questions concerning ecological and external validity arise out of the experimental study. Future research should contrast the relative effects of environmentally specific and general transformational leadership across various organizational and cultural conditions. Limitations associated with demand characteristics are also of concern in the experimental study. Future research should include an environmental focus in the control condition to exclude any possible threats related to demand characteristics. Practical implications Results from these two studies provide useful information regarding within-organization environmental leadership training by suggesting that maximal individual and organizational environmental change may best be achieved by training leaders to be as specific as possible regarding their values, priorities and goals. Social implications This research suggests that leaders should engage in ETFL behaviors to have the greatest positive impact on corporate environmental sustainability, and by extension, climate change. Originality/value In two separate studies, the construct and incremental predictive validity of ETFL were assessed.

PurposeThis research aims to focus on the environmentally specific transformational leadership (ETFL) of a chief executive officer (CEO) and aims to examine the effect of CEOs' ETFL on firm's proactive environmental strategies (PESs), by indicating the top management team's (TMT) green commitment as a mediator and regulative pressure as a moderator to understand the relation.Design/methodology/approachThis study used multisource data from 170 small-to medium-sized manufacturing firms in China.FindingsThe results indicated that CEOs' ETFL was positively related to the TMT's green commitment, which, in turn, enhanced the firm's PESs. Moreover, regulative pressure strengthened the direct effect of CEOs' ETFL on their TMTs' green commitment and the indirect effect of CEOs' ETFL on the firm's PESs via TMTs' green commitment.Originality/valueThe tested importance of regulative pressure as an external condition that strengthens the effectiveness of CEOs' ETFL offers new theoretical insights to advance the literature on PESs.

PurposeWith increasing pressure to achieve environmental sustainability, hotel organizations implement green human resource management (GHRM) to inspire employees’ green behavior to improve environmental performance. Following the conservation of resources theory, this research aims to examine how GHRM fosters employee green advocacy.Design/methodology/approachData were obtained from 315 employees from 24 hotels in China. This study used the SPSS PROCESS to test the mediation and moderated mediation model.FindingsThe results showed that GHRM has a positive impact on green advocacy, and harmonious environmental passion (HEP) fully mediates the positive relationship between GHRM and green advocacy. Furthermore, the relationship between GHRM, HEP and green advocacy is moderated by environmentally specific transformational leadership (ESTL). Subsequently, the findings imply that the indirect effect of GHRM on green advocacy via HEP is stronger while ESTL is higher.Originality/valueThis study extends the research on GHRM and green advocacy by exploring how and when GHRM stimulates employee green advocacy via HEP in the Chinese context.

PurposeBased on self-determination theory, the paper investigates the link between environmentally specific transformational leadership (ETFL) and subjective well-being (SWB) of employees working in an energy intensive industry. The paper also aims to examine pro-environmental behavior (PEB) as a mediator mechanism between ETFL and SWB relationship.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical research design was used for the analysis. In total, 293 respondents working in different energy intensive Indian companies filled the questionnaire for the study. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling SMART-PLS 3 software which is a graphical user interface for variance-based structural equation modeling using the partial least squares path modeling method. Two stages of analysis were conducted: the measurement model and the structural model.FindingsThe results indicate that (1) ETFL has a significant positive impact on PEB. (2) PEB is positively correlated to SWB. (3) ETFL has a significant impact on SWB. (4) The underlying mechanism process of ETFL and SWB relationship is explained by mediation of PEB.Practical implicationsOverall, the study insinuates that PEB act as underlying mechanism in environmental leadership and SWB of employees. The study further suggests that the management should promote green leaders for enhancing the overall SWB of the managements' employees especially in energy intensive sector. Doing so helps the managers to enhance managers' environmental conscious behavior for inducing SWB of employees.Originality/valueThe study contributes to novel findings in existing literature particularly to determine ETFL and PEB as predictors of SWB especially in energy intensive sector. The study also leads the ways for organizations by promoting green conscious leaders, which stimulates PEB among employees that ultimately contributes to SWB of employees. Furthermore, the research methodology can be used in other studies for variation of contextual variables such as size of the industry, developed or underdeveloped country and manufacturing or service industry.

Organizations committed to sustainability and reducing their environmental footprint depend largely on the pro-environmental performance of their employees. This study investigates how environmentally specific transformational leadership (ESTL) shapes employee pro-environmental performance, as well as the mediating role of employee environmental awareness and the boundary condition of emotional exhaustion at work. Data were collected from 264 participants across three waves. The findings reveal that ESTL exerts a positive influence on employee environmental awareness, which in turn enhances pro-environmental performance. Additionally, the positive indirect effect of ESTL on pro-environmental performance through environmental awareness is moderated by emotional exhaustion, being stronger when the emotional exhaustion level is low. These findings highlight the critical role of leadership in fostering environmental sustainability within organizations and the importance of considering employee psychological well-being in the process. Our research contributes to the understanding of how specific leadership behaviors can drive pro-environmental actions in the workplace, offering practical implications for organizational leaders aiming to enhance environmental performance.

PurposeGreen product development is a pivotal way to achieve environmental sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to theorize and empirically test how environmentally specific leadership enhances the green product development performance from the perspective of the HRM system. In this regard, the authors investigate the mediating role of the strength of the HRM system to change with regard to the relationship between environmentally specific leadership and green product development performance. For a substantial explanation of the boundary condition, the authors investigate the moderating role of the green HRM on the relationship between environmentally specific transformational leadership and the strength of the HRM system.Design/methodology/approachBased on climate strength theory, the authors use the three-wave survey data from 362 top or middle managers in the new energy industry of China. This study uses hierarchical linear regression and bootstrapping method to analyze the mediated moderation effect.FindingsResults confirm a positive effect of environmentally specific leadership and the strength of the HRM system on green product development performance. The authors also found the mediation effect of the strength of the HRM system and the moderation effect of green HRM are all significant.Originality/valueThis study integrates the perspectives of both content-focused HRM and process-focused HRM and demonstrates why leadership and the HRM system could jointly enhance green product development performance in Asia.

Although research supports the association between environmentally specific transformational leadership and employees’ green behaviour, the role of environmental concern in this relation is less understood. This study examined the possible mediating influence of environmental concern in the relation between environmentally specific transformational leadership and green behaviour at work among a sample of 171 public sector employees in Nigeria using a partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Results revealed that after controlling for age, education and gender, environmentally specific transformational leadership has a significant positive relationship with environmental concern, which in turn predicted the green behaviour at work in a positive direction. The results further revealed that environmental concern mediated the relationship between environmentally specific transformational leadership and green behaviour at work.

Ecological environment issues put forward higher requirements for enterprises to undertake environmental responsibility. Therefore, how to encourage employees’ green innovation behavior (EGIB) is of great significance for enterprises to practice green development. Based on the social exchange theory, this study constructs a moderating mediation model to explain the influence of environmentally specific transformational leadership (ESTL) on EGIB, in which green organization identity (GOI) and environmental commitment (EC) are used as mediators and the supervisor’s organizational embodiment (SOE) is used as a moderator. Data collected from 297 employees of the manufacturing industry in China are used for empirical analysis. Results show that (a) ESTL positively affects EGIB, (b) both GOI and EC mediate the positive relationship between ESTL and EGIB, (c) the path of GOI—EC mediates the positive relationship between ESTL and EGIB, and (d) SOE positively moderates the indirect effect of ESTL on EGIB through GOI and EC, and SOE moderates the indirect effect of ESTL on EGIB through the path of GOI—EC. Theoretical contributions, practical implications, and future research are also discussed.

Purpose Although decades of research on transformational leadership have resulted in a firm understanding of its consequences, the impact of environmental-conscious transformational leader on positive employee outcomes and underlying mechanism in environmental leadership–outcome relationship is not well examined. This study aims to examine a moderated mediation model of effects of environmental consciousness (EC) on the mediating role of perceived corporate social responsibility (PCSR) in transformational leadership (ETFL) and pro-environmental behavior (PEB) relationship in energy-intensive industries. Design/methodology/approach In total, 320 self- reported questionnaires were collected from employees working in different Indian organizations across different sectors. All measures used in this survey were adopted from well-established scales. To minimize the effects of common method variance arising, the survey questionnaires were administered to the participants in two stages (with a gap of 14 days), with antecedents separated from outcomes. Partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling and SPSS-process macro were applied for testing the hypothesized model. Findings The results revealed that ETFL positively correlated with PEB. The hypothesized moderated mediation condition was supported as the results suggest that PCSR mediated the ETFL–PEB relationship, and EC moderated this mediating pathway; i.e. indirect effects of ETFL on employee PEB via PCSR were stronger for employees with high EC. Practical implications In particular, this research provides implications for training and development of leaders. The study indicates the importance of environmental-conscious leaders in enhancing perceived PCSR and PEB of employees. Likewise, the finding found that PCSR mediates the ETFL and PEB relationship. Moreover, the indirect effect of ETFL on PEB through PCSR moderated by EC highlights the importance of managing and ensuring effective leader–employee relationship that facilitates ecofriendly initiatives. Originality/value The study is based on the data collected from energy-intensive industries. Thus, it provides insights into the role and importance of green leadership and green behavior in energy industries. It is one of the few studies in the energy-intensive industry in India that help the researcher to delve into future research on the same.