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This study addresses the problem of efficient fault simulation and test generation in circuits using multi-output combinational logic cells. A symbolic fault simulation algorithm is proposed to exploit bit-level parallelism in order to represent the propagation of the output value of faulty cells throughout the circuit, thus accounting for different faulty behaviours in a single simulation step. A satisfiability (SAT)-based test generation procedure is also provided and it early discovers sets of undetectable behaviours. Results for a set of combinational benchmarks show the feasibility of the proposed approach.

The diagnosis is the process of isolating possible sources of observed failures in a defective circuit. Today, manufacturing defects appear not only in the cell interconnection, but also inside the cell itself (intra-cell defect). State of the art diagnosis approaches can identify the defect location at gate level (i.e., one or more standard cells and/or inter-connections can be provided as possible defect location). Some approaches have been developed to target the intra-cell defects. In this paper, we propose an intra-cell diagnosis method based on the “Effect-Cause” paradigm aiming at locating the root cause of the observed failures inside a logic cell. It is based on the Critical Path Tracing (CPT) here applied at transistor level. The main characteristic of our approach is that it exploits the analysis of the faulty behavior induced by the actual defect. In other word, we locate the defect by simply analyzing the effect induced by the defect itself. The advantage is the fact that we are defect independent (i.e., we do not have to explicitly consider the type and the size of the defect). Moreover, since the complexity of a single cell in terms of transistor number is low, the proposed intra-cell diagnosis approach requires a negligible computational time. The efficiency of the proposed approach has been evaluated by means of experimental results carried out on both simulations-based and industrial silicon data case studies.

The nonlinear dynamic behavior of the planetary gear system will be altered as the gear failure occurs. Tooth root crack are among the most prevalent forms of gear failures, leading to a degradation in meshing stiffness and consequently having a substantial impact on the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the system. In this paper, a comprehensive dynamic model of a planetary gear system with tooth root crack is established to investigate the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the system in a faulty state. Firstly, considering the elastoplastic deformation of the cracked gear tooth and combining it with the potential energy method, we derive an accurate meshing stiffness for the gear pair. Secondly, by introducing time-varying tooth backlash, time-varying meshing stiffness, damping, and manufacturing errors, we establish a nonlinear dynamic model for the planetary gear system. Finally, we compare the global bifurcation characteristics between a healthy system and a faulty one under different excitation frequencies and tooth backlash to reveal the path of the system emerging into chaos. The results demonstrate that faulted planetary gear systems are more prone to enter chaotic states with nonlinear excitation parameters. This research can offer a robust theoretical framework for the design and fault diagnosis of gearboxes.

Background: Adolescence is a period of transition where independence in thinking and behavior is established and food choices that are made are followed for several years, and this can influence their health in adulthood. Hence, understanding the eating habits are necessary to plan effective nutritional interventions in adolescents. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find out the extent of malnutrition among rural adolescents as well as evaluate their eating habits against recommended dietary food groups and to compare eating habits across gender and age groups. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among 1425 adolescents from 13 rural schools from 2014 to 2015, and the variables considered in this study were age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and the eating habits of the adolescents. Results: Undernutrition was seen among 23% and overweight/obesity among 8% of adolescents. The habit of taking milk and milk products, fruits, and green leafy vegetables were very poor among the adolescents. Significant association was found between eating habits and BMI. Furthermore, late adolescents had better eating habits, and significant gender difference was seen in certain eating habits. Conclusions: The study shows that it is possible to understand the gaps in eating habits of adolescents, and this can be used to plan tailor-made nutritional interventions to adolescent groups as their eating habits are different and have long-term nutritional and health implications.

Compared to adults, assessment of dietary intake of school children has always been a great challenge in public health practice. Hence, this paper aims to share our experience in overcoming the problems in dietary assessment of large number of school children aged 6-17 years and the practicality of the tool for quickly identifying the broad gaps in the diet of individual Children for providing them dietary counseling. Based on the Indian Council of Medical Research/National Institute of Nutrition recommendations for balanced diet among school children, a simplified dietary gap assessment tool was developed to identify gross gaps in their diet and also a system of scoring it so as to measure effectiveness of the nutritional educational program. The simplified tool was effective in overcoming the challenge of making the children understand the concept of portion size by replacing it with inquiry of frequency of food intake in 'yes\" or \"no\" terms and thereby making it easy to administer and is time efficient enough to enable a large number of students to be screened.

The problems of the haves differ substantially from those of the have-nots. Individuals in developing societies have to fight mainly against infectious and communicable diseases, while in the developed world the battles are mainly against lifestyle diseases. Yet, at a very fundamental level, the problems are the same-the fight is against distress, disability, and premature death; against human exploitation and for human development and self-actualisation; against the callousness to critical concerns in regimes and scientific power centres.While there has been great progress in the treatment of individual diseases, human pathology continues to increase. Sicknesses are not decreasing in number, they are only changing in type.The primary diseases of poverty like TB, malaria, and HIV/AIDS-and the often co-morbid and ubiquitous malnutrition-take their toll on helpless populations in developing countries. Poverty is not just income deprivation but capability deprivation and optimism deprivation as well.While life expectancy may have increased in the haves, and infant and maternal mortality reduced, these gains have not necessarily ensured that well-being results. There are ever-multiplying numbers of individuals whose well-being is compromised due to lifestyle diseases. These diseases are the result of faulty lifestyles and the consequent crippling stress. But it serves no one's purpose to understand them as such. So, the prescription pad continues to prevail over lifestyle-change counselling or research.The struggle to achieve well-being and positive health, to ensure longevity, to combat lifestyle stress and professional burnout, and to reduce psychosomatic ailments continues unabated, with hardly an end in sight.WE THUS REALISE THAT MORBIDITY, DISABILITY, AND DEATH ASSAIL ALL THREE SOCIETIES: the ones with infectious diseases, the ones with diseases of poverty, and the ones with lifestyle diseases. If it is bacteria in their various forms that are the culprit in infectious diseases, it is poverty/deprivation in its various manifestations that is the culprit in poverty-related diseases, and it is lifestyle stress in its various avatars that is the culprit in lifestyle diseases. It is as though poverty and lifestyle stress have become the modern \"bacteria\" of developing and developed societies, respectively.For those societies afflicted with diseases of poverty, of course, the prime concern is to escape from the deadly grip of poverty-disease-deprivation-helplessness; but, while so doing, they must be careful not to land in the lap of lifestyle diseases. For the haves, the need is to seek well-being, positive health, and inner rootedness; to ask science not only to give them new pills for new ills, but to define and study how negative emotions hamper health and how positive ones promote it; to find out what is inner peace, what is the connection between spirituality and health, what is well-being, what is self-actualisation, what prevents disease, what leads to longevity, how simplicity impacts health, what attitudes help cope with chronic sicknesses, how sicknesses can be reversed (not just treated), etc. Studies on well-being, longevity, and simplicity need the concerted attention of researchers.THE TASK AHEAD IS CUT OUT FOR EACH ONE OF US: physician, patient, caregiver, biomedical researcher, writer/journalist, science administrator, policy maker, ethicist, man of religion, practitioner of alternate/complementary medicine, citizen of a world community, etc. Each one must do his or her bit to ensure freedom from disease and achieve well-being.Those in the developed world have the means to make life meaningful but, often, have lost the meaning of life itself; those in the developing world are fighting for survival but, often, have recipes to make life meaningful. This is especially true of a society like India, which is rapidly emerging from its underdeveloped status. It is an ancient civilization, with a philosophical outlook based on a robust mix of the temporal and the spiritual, with vibrant indigenous biomedical and related disciplines, for example, Ayurveda, Yoga, etc. It also has a burgeoning corpus of modern biomedical knowledge in active conversation with the rest of the world. It should be especially careful that, while it does not negate the fruits of economic development and scientific/biomedical advance that seem to beckon it in this century, it does not also forget the values that have added meaning and purpose to life; values that the ancients bequeathed it, drawn from their experiential knowledge down the centuries.The means that the developed have could combine with the recipes to make them meaningful that the developing have. That is the challenge ahead for mankind as it gropes its way out of poverty, disease, despair, alienation, anomie, and the ubiquitous all-devouring lifestyle stresses, and takes halting steps towards well-being and the glory of human development.

The effects of a warning banner, informing patrons of the randomness of Video Lottery Terminal (VLT) outcomes, on gambling behaviour and beliefs were tested in a field setting using a mixed- model 2 × 3 design over a six-week period with 27 problem and 27 non-problem gamblers recruited from bars in a Canadian city with a population of 85,000. Overall, self-reported VLT gambling behaviour decreased significantly during the three, two-week periods. More specifically, gambling behaviour during the banner period was significantly less than during the baseline period. In addition, for only problem gamblers, significant decreases in faulty gambling beliefs were found across the three periods. This suggested that decreases in gambling behaviour were mediated by decreases in faulty gambling beliefs incurred by the banner of our study and can have practical importance in the prevention of problem gambling.

Building a strong brand requires a good management of brand reputation over time. Social responsibility of business is a key factor in evoking a positive brand reputation. Both the product itself and brand related actions and communications define brand reputation in the eyes of consumers, thus influencing perceived corporate social responsibility. As a consequence, it can be easily hindered or endangered by many product related issues such as faulty products or potentially harmful products. The purpose of this article is to provide an insight on the link between brand reputation and social responsibility in order to help organizations provide better services and protection for consumers. We examined how brand reputation is influenced by the negative bias generated by brand related communications regarding potentially harmful products. This study also analyzes how under normal consumption circumstances, consumers' experiences related to faulty products can influence brand reputation. To investigate this, we propose a model based on perceptual brand constructs and possible outcomes of brand reputation. In both circumstances, negative spillover effects are highlighted using structural equation modeling. The findings reveal that both faulty products and potentially harmful products have a negative bias on brand reputation, but affected perceptual brand constructs are different.

Recently, familial abuse and killing of children have been correlated with infanticidal behavior by nonhuman male animals which is postulated to be genetic. However, infanticide by males as an evolutionary mechanism is unlikely to occur in primates, and is equally unlikely in lions. To investigate the sexual selection hypothesis of infanticide for lions, four questions should be considered: (1) because they all mate freely with lionesses, are male pride lions closely related? (often they are not), (2) do males kill the young cubs when they join a pride? (few such cases have been observed), (3) do the females then mate with the new males to produce offspring? (yes), and (4) do the males remain with the pride for over two years to protect this new generation? (often not). Field data indicate that in NO instance do we know that male lions killed cubs in a new pride, mated with their mother, and then remained with the pride to protect their own young. Rather, female lions may kill more cubs than males and certainly cause many more cub deaths by allowing them to starve.

This chapter contains sections titled: Experimental Methods Results and Discussion Cup Orientation Results Conclusion Appendix: Orientation in Vending Cups