Explore the vast range of titles available.

\"Adaptation policies and measures are essential components of any global attempt to cope with the pending impacts of climate change. Drawing on concepts in political economy, political ecology, justice theory, and critical development studies, this book offers the first comprehensive, systematic exploration of the ways in which adaptation projects can produce unintended, undesirable results. The authors present a political economy framework revolving around four key processes: enclosure, exclusion, encroachment, and entrenchment. They document the presence of these four inequitable attributes in adaptation projects across four case studies: the displacement of char communities in Bangladesh; the Dutch Delta Works in the Netherlands; Hurricane Katrina reconstruction efforts in the United States; and the politics of technology transfer and knowledge inequality within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. \"-- Provided by publisher.

This study employs correlation analysis and a fixed effects model premised on indexes extracted through principal component analysis to assess the effects of entrepreneurial attitudes and behaviour, and entrepreneurial framework conditions (EFCs) on economic growth in BRICS economies. For purposes of effectiveness, a panel dataset for entrepreneurial attitudes and behaviour, and EFCs indicators is pooled from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor website, and one for gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, a proxy for economic growth, is sourced from the World Bank website over the period 2001-2021. The study reveals that there are statistically significant negative correlations between GDP per capita and 'entrepreneurial intentions rate', 'perceived capabilities rate', 'perceived opportunities rate', 'governmental support and policies', 'taxes and bureaucracy', 'governmental programmes', 'internal market openness', 'physical and services infrastructure' and 'cultural and social norms'. Furthermore, entrepreneurial attitudes and behaviour positively impact GDP per capita, whereas EFCs have no significant influence on GDP per capita in BRICS economies.

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor model combines insights on the allocation of effort into entrepreneurship at the national (adult workingage population) level with literature in the Austrian tradition. The model suggests that the relationship between national-level new business activity and the institutional environment, or Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions, is mediated by opportunity perception and the perception of start-up skills in the population. We provide a theory-grounded examination of this model and test the effect of one EFC, education and training for entrepreneurship, on the allocation of effort into new business activity. We find that in high-income countries, opportunity perception mediates fully the relationship between the level of post-secondary entrepreneurship education and training in a country and its rate of new business activity, including high-growth expectation new business activity. The mediating effect of skills perception is weaker. This result accords with the Kirznerian concept of alertness to opportunity stimulating action.

Studies show that workplace health promotion (WHP) can reduce sickness-related absenteeism among employees and secure long-term workability. Embedding WHP in workplace health management (WHM) can contribute to sustainability and holism. This study aimed to investigate organizational framework conditions for WHM in different settings of nursing in Germany (acute care hospital, long-term care (LTC) facilities and home-based LTC). In a project on WHM implementation, managers with personnel responsibility for nurses (n = 16) were surveyed. In total, 46 close-ended questions on organizational framework conditions of WHM in their care facility were answered at the beginning of the project. No significant differences were found for the indexes of health promoting willingness, health promoting management, social capital and workplace health activity. Descriptive analysis showed that home-based LTC performed slightly better on average. Home-based LTC and LTC facilities had higher ratings in health promoting willingness than in actually managing the process (health promoting management), while the results for acute care hospitals were reversed. Acute care hospitals showed the lowest values for the topics of health as a leadership topic and evaluation of incidents of violence, which were generally rated lower among all settings. Need for action can be identified in improving personal, financial and time resources, evaluation and information on WHM.

In this paper, opportunities and challenges of concrete portfolio options of an Austrian district heating (DH) supplier are assessed against the background of current challenges of the DH sector. The following steps are performed: (1) analysis of status quo; (2) analysis of current and possible future economic framework conditions; (3) definition of four concrete future portfolio options for investment planning until the year 2030; (4) modeling of status quo and future portfolios together with the respective framework conditions in a linear dispatch optimization model; and (5) perform techno-economic analysis for each portfolio under the different possible future framework conditions. The expected increase in renewable power generation capacity is likely to increase volatility in future electricity prices with hours of both very low and very high prices. This higher volatility results in higher technical flexibility requirements for the heat generation plants and a need for heat generation portfolios to respond to both high and low electricity prices. The results indicate that the combination of heat pumps and combined heat and power (CHP) plants is well suited to cope with these challenges from a microeconomic point of view. At the same time, we show that a shift to a high share of renewables of more than 60%, implying a complete exit of gas fired CHPs, is also feasible with costs in a very similar range as the current DH generation portfolio.

This study aims to assess the impacts of entrepreneurial framework conditions on economic growth based on the level of economic development in transition-driven economies and innovation-driven economies. The data were organised into a panel (2000-2019) and obtained from the National Expert Survey (NES), the Global Monitor Entrepreneurship (GEM), and the World Bank. By applying the generalised method of moments (GMM) estimation, we found that R&D transfer has a negative impact on economic growth that is innovation-driven, but positively impacts transition-driven economies. The results further highlighted that regardless of the level of development of the country, business and professional infrastructure do not positively impact economic growth. However, taxes and bureaucracy and physical and service infrastructure were shown to positively impact only innovation-driven economies, as in transition-driven economies, they were shown to have negative impacts on economic growth. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the link between economic growth and the conditions for entrepreneurship in economies with different degrees of economic growth. This study can serve as a basis for policy makers to adjust or develop new policies to accelerate economic growth.

Diabetes prevalence in Tanzania was estimated at 9.1% in 2012 among adults aged 24–65 years — higher than the HIV prevalence in the general population at that time. Health systems in lower- and middle-income countries are not designed for chronic health care, yet the rising burden of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes demands chronic care services. To inform policies on diabetes care, we conducted a study on the health services in place to diagnose, treat and care for diabetes patients in rural Tanzania. The study was an exploratory and descriptive study involving qualitative methods (in-depth interviews, observations and document reviews) and was conducted in a rural district in Tanzania. Fifteen health providers in four health facilities at different levels of the health care system were interviewed. The health care organization elements of the Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions (ICCC) framework were used to guide assessment of the diabetes services in the district. We found that diabetes care in this district was centralized at the referral and district facilities, with unreliable supply of necessary commodities for diabetes care and health providers who had some knowledge of what was expected of them but felt ill-prepared for diabetes care. Facility and district level guidance was lacking and the continuity of care was broken within and between facilities. The HMIS could not produce reliable data on diabetes. Support for self-management to patients and their families was weak at all levels. In conclusion, the rural district we studied did not provide diabetes care close to the patients. Guidance on diabetes service provision and human resource management need strengthening and policies related to task-shifting need adjustment to improve quality of service provision for diabetes patients in rural settings. La prévalence du diabète en Tanzanie a été estimée en 2012 chez les adultes âgés de 24 à 65 ans—à un niveau de 9.1% supérieure à la prévalence du VIH dans la population générale pendant cette période. Les systèmes de santé dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire ne sont pas conçus pour les soins des maladies chroniques, mais le fardeau croissant des maladies non transmissibles telles que le diabète exige des prestations de soins chroniques. Afin d’alimenter les politiques sur les soins aux personnes atteintes de diabète, nous avons réalisé une étude sur les services de santé en place pour diagnostiquer, traiter et soigner les patients atteints de diabète en Tanzanie rurale. L’étude était une étude exploratoire et descriptive, et faisait appel à des méthodes qualitatives (entretiens approfondis, observations et examen de documents), et elle a été réalisée dans un district rural en Tanzanie. Quinze prestataires de santé au sein de quatre établissements de soins à différents niveaux du système de santé ont été interviewés. Les lignes directrices des soins de santé du programme de Soins Novateurs pour les Conditions Chroniques (ICCC) ont été utilisés pour aider à évaluer les services consacrés au diabète dans le district. Nous avons découvert que les soins du diabète dans le district étaient centralisés dans des structures de référence et situées dans le district, avec un approvisionnement peu fiable des produits requis dans les soins du diabète, et des prestataires de soins qui savaient ce que l’on attendait d’eux, mais se sentaient mal préparés pour soigner cette maladie. Il manquait des directives au niveau des établissements et du district, et il n’y avait pas de continuité des soins dans et entre les structures de santé. Les HMIS n’ont pas pu fournir de données fiables sur le diabète. Le soutien aux patients et à leur famille pour leur autogestion était faible à tous les niveaux. En conclusion, le district rural qui faisait l’objet de notre étude n’offrait pas de soins du diabète en proximité avec les patients. Les lignes directrices pour les prestations de service et la gestion des ressources humaines doivent être renforcées, et les politiques liées au changement des t âches doivent être aménagées dans le souci de l’amélioration de la qualité des prestations de service pour les patients atteints de diabète dans les milieux ruraux. 2012年坦桑尼亚24-65岁成年人的糖尿病患病率估计为9.1%, 高于同时期总人口的HIV患病率。中低收入国家的卫生体系 并非为慢性病而设计, 但糖尿病等慢性非传染性疾病的负担增 加需要加强慢性病卫生服务。 为了给糖尿病保健政策提供信 息, 我们研究了坦桑尼亚农村地区现有的糖尿病患者诊断、治 疗和护理服务。 本研究为探索性和描述性研究, 采用定性方法 （深度访谈、观察和文献回顾）, 研究现场为坦桑尼亚农村地 区。 访谈了卫生体系不同层级四家卫生机构的15名卫生工作 者。 参考慢性病创新照护框架 （ICCC） 的卫生保健组织要素 评估该地区的糖尿病管理。 我们发现, 该地区的糖尿病保健集 中在转诊和地区机构, 缺乏可靠的糖尿病保健必须物资供给, 缺少对糖尿病保健有相关了解和准备的卫生工作者。 缺乏机 构和地区层级的指导, 机构内和机构间糖尿病照护的连续性。 HMIS无法提供糖尿病的可靠数据。 各个层级对患者及其家庭 的自我管理支持都很薄弱。 综上所述, 本研究中的农村地区未 提供贴近患者的糖尿病管理服务。 需加强糖尿病服务提供和 人力资源管理的指导, 调整任务转移政策, 以改善农村地区的 糖尿病保健服务质量。 La prevalencia de la diabetes en Tanzania se estimó en el 9.1% en 2012 entre los adultos de 24-65 años, superior a la prevalencia del VIH en la población general en ese momento. Los sistemas de salud en los países de ingresos bajos y medios no están diseñados para el cuidado de la salud crónica, sin embargo, la creciente carga de enfermedades no transmisibles como la diabetes requiere servicios de atención crónica. Para informar las políticas del cuidado de la diabetes, llevamos a cabo un estudio sobre los servicios de salud existentes para diagnosticar, tratar y cuidar a los pacientes de diabetes en Tanzania rural. El estudio fue un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo que utilizó métodos cualitativos (entrevistas en profundidad, observaciones y revisión de documentos) y se llevó a cabo en un distrito rural de Tanzania. Fueron entrevistados quince proveedores de salud en cuatro instalaciones a diferentes niveles del sistema de salud. Los elementos de la organización del cuidado de la salud del marco de Cuidado Innovador de Condiciones Crónicas (CICC) fueron usadas para guiar la evaluación de los servicios de diabetes en el distrito. Encontramos que el cuidado de la diabetes en este distrito estaba centralizado en las instalaciones de referencia y distrito, con un suministro no fiable de los productos necesarios para el cuidado de la diabetes y proveedores de salud que tenían algún conocimiento de lo que se esperaba de ellos pero que no se sentían preparados para proveer el cuidado de la diabetes. Faltaba orientación a nivel de instalaciones y distrito, y la continuidad del cuidado se rompía dentro y entre las instalaciones. El Sistema de Información del Manejo de la Salud no podía producir datos fiables sobre la diabetes. El apoyo para el auto-manejo de los pacientes y sus familias fue débil en todos los niveles. En conclusión, el distrito rural que estudiamos no proporcionó el cuidado de la diabetes cerca de los pacientes. La orientación sobre la prestación de servicios de diabetes y la gestión de los recursos humanos deben fortalecerse y las políticas relacionadas con el cambio de tareas necesitan ajustes para mejorar la calidad de la prestación de servicios para los pacientes diabéticos en entornos rurales.

Summary A scoping review was carried out to identify gaps in the performance of the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) towards the preparedness of the public health system especially at primary level in dealing with hypertension (HTN). The World Health Organization Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions (WHO ICCC) framework was adapted for the current review under three levels namely micro, meso, and macro. PubMed Central was accessed to retrieve eligible articles published since 2010. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews checklist was followed for reporting. A final selection of 27 articles that fulfilled the eligibility criteria of the current review was drawn from a long list of 542 articles. Cross-sectional studies contributed to 51.8% of the included studies. We observed that NPCDCS had gaps across all levels of health care, especially at the primary level. At the micro-level noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), awareness among patients was suboptimal and treatment adherence was poor. At the meso-level, there was a vacancy in all cadres of workers and lack of regular training of workforce, laboratory services, and inconsistent availability of essential drugs, equipment, and related supplies to be ensured. At the macro-level, public spending on NCD care needs to be increased along with strategies to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure and improve universal health coverage. In conclusion, there is a need to improve components related to all three levels of the WHO ICCC framework to amplify the impact of HTN care through NPCDCS, particularly at the primary level.

The urgent need that the private sector generate positive social and environmental impacts in order to cope with the grand challenges faced by humanity and contribute to sustainable development, has ignited the need to understand the country conditions that could promote such an endeavor, especially for small firms who may have more difficulties and, among them, those that try to generate positive impacts for multiple stakeholders, such as Certified B Corporations (CBCs). To contribute to such understanding, we use fsQCA to identify the combinations of presence/absence of four entrepreneurial framework conditions (EFCs)—financing for entrepreneurs, taxes and bureaucracy, R&D transfer, and commercial and legal infrastructure—that are sufficient for the presence/absence of a high average impact score of small-size CBCs in the country. The analysis reveals that two combinations of the presence/absence of the considered EFCs are sufficient for the presence and another two are sufficient for the absence of that outcome. General patterns, specific combinations and the implications for policymakers, CBCs managers and future research are discussed.

In Norway, the fatal accident frequency per year is discernibly higher in the construction industry than in the petroleum industry. To probe the difference between the occupational safety levels in the two industries in Norway, semi-structured interviews with regulators, employer and employee organisations, company management, and safety personnel were conducted. This qualitative approach, together with factual industry information, offer invaluable insight on various elements influencing occupational safety. Rasmussen’s socio-technical model is used to sort the information and compare framework conditions, characteristics and aspects of the two industries influencing safety. Though the construction industry’s safety level has improved over the years, the results indicate that the petroleum industry’s safety level is still considered superior to its counterpart. The interviews point to major accidents and regulations as important for safety development in the petroleum industry. Thorough planning of operations, stricter rules, more standardised procedures and requirements, and fewer actors in the petroleum industry are also highlighted. The results of this study further reveal that safety in the construction industry has benefitted from safety developments in the petroleum industry. There is potential for more learning across the industries, in particular from petroleum to construction with regard to standardisation, barrier-thinking, and knowledge-sharing.