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27 result(s) for "gradiente altitudinal"
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Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and the Collapse of Anuran Species Richness and Abundance in the Upper Manu National Park, Southeastern Peru
Amphibians are declining worldwide, but these declines have been particularly dramatic in tropical mountains, where high endemism and vulnerability to an introduced fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is associated with amphibian extinctions. We surveyed frogs in the Peruvian Andes in montane forests along a steep elevational gradient (1200-3700 m). We used visual encounter surveys to sample stream-dwelling and arboreal species and leaf-litter plots to sample terrestrial-breeding species. We compared species richness and abundance among the wet seasons of 1999, 2008, and 2009. Despite similar sampling effort among years, the number of species (46 in 1999) declined by 47% between 1999 and 2008 and by 38% between 1999 and 2009. When we combined the number of species we found in 2008 and 2009, the decline from 1999 was 36%. Declines of stream-dwelling and arboreal species (a reduction in species richness of 55%) were much greater than declines of terrestrial-breeding species (reduction of 20% in 2008 and 24% in 2009). Similarly, abundances of stream-dwelling and arboreal frogs were lower in the combined 2008-2009 period than in 1999, whereas densities of frogs in leaf-litter plots did not differ among survey years. These declines may be associated with the infection of frogs with Bd. B. dendrobatidis prevalence correlated significantly with the proportion of species that were absent from the 2008 and 2009 surveys along the elevational gradient. Our results suggest Bd may have arrived at the site between 1999 and 2007, which is consistent with the hypothesis that this pathogen is spreading in epidemic waves along the Andean cordilleras. Our results also indicate a rapid decline of frog species richness and abundance in our study area, a national park that contains many endemic amphibian species and is high in amphibian species richness. Las poblaciones de anfibios están disminuyendo mundialmente, pero estas disminuciones han sido particularmente dramáticas en montañas tropicales, donde el endemismo y la vulnerabilidad a un patógeno fúngico introducido, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), están asociados con extinciones de anfibios. Muestreamos ranas en el los Andes Peruanos en bosques montanos a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal pronunciado (1200-3700 m). Utilizamos técnicas de encuentros visuales para muestrear especies arbóreas y en quebradas y cuadrantes en la hojarasca para muestrear especies terrestres. Comparamos la riqueza de especies y la abundancia entre las estaciones lluviosas de 1999, 2008 y 2009. No obstante esfuerzos de muestreo similares, el número de especies (46 en 1999) disminuyó en 47% entre 1999 y 2008 y en 38% entre 1999 y 2009. Cuando combinamos el número de especies encontradas en 2008 y 2009, la disminución desde 1999 fue de 36%. Las disminuciones de especies arbóreas y que se reproducen en quebradas (una reducción de 55% en la riqueza de especies) fueron mucho mayores que las disminuciones de las especies terrestres (reducción de 20% en 2008 y 24% en 2009). De manera similar, las abundancias de ranas en quebradas y arbóreas fueron menores en el período combinado 2008-2009 que en 1999, mientras que las densidades de ranas en los cuadrantes de hojarasca no cambiaron en los años de muestreo. Estas disminuciones pueden estar asociadas con la infección de ranas con Bd. La prevalencia de B. dendrobatidis se correlacionó significativamente con la proporción de especies que estuvieron ausentes en los muestreos de 2008 y 2009 a lo largo del gradiente altitudinal. Nuestros resultados sugieren que Bd pudo haber llegado al sitio entre 1999 y 2007, lo cual es consistente con la hipótesis de que este patógeno se está dispersando en olas epidémicas a lo largo de las cordilleras Andinas. Nuestros resultados también indican una rápida disminución de la riqueza de especies y abundancia de ranas en nuestra área de estudio, un parque nacional que contiene muchas especies de anfibios endémicas y tiene una gran riqueza de especies de anfibios.
Altitudinal differences in alpha, beta and functional diversity of an amphibian community in a biodiversity hotspot
Biodiversity research along altitudinal gradients can provide us with new insights into conservation and human impacts. In this context, amphibians are a useful and important group due to their rapid response to environmental changes, severely threatened status and because of the gaps in our knowledge of their ecology, especially in tropical forests. Here, we investigate the differences in amphibian communities along an altitudinal gradient with the aim to understand how different groups respond to altitude and what factors drive such responses. We carried out our research in the Piñi-Piñi range, located in the Manu Biosphere Reserve (south-eastern Peru), a global biodiversity hotspot. We evaluated the changes in abundance, alpha, beta and functional diversity of the community with altitude along transects from 450 to 1150 m asl. We categorized species into functional groups based on their breeding sites, habitat and weight. Alpha diversity for the overall community decreased with increasing altitude, a trend partially driven by the absence of aquatic habitats in the higher elevations, which prevents colonisation by pond and stream breeders. Community composition changed with altitude and there was a low similarity between lower and higher elevations. Upper elevations were less diverse but contained species found nowhere else along the gradient, increasing the diversity of the range. Functional groups responded to altitude in different ways and several groups were absent or almost absent from the upper elevations: large species (>10 g), terrestrial, arboreal, and pond and stream breeders. Pond and stream breeders and those species found exclusively in the higher areas of the range are likely more vulnerable to habitat and climate change. Investigating the response of different functional groups and using multiple measures of diversity was useful for generating a detailed understanding of the changes in the community with altitude and their ecological and conservation implications.
Diversidad de briófitos acuáticos en un río de alta montaña tropica
Los ríos de montaña contienen una gran diversidad de hábitats caracterizados por cambios temporales en los factores ambientales y por albergar diferentes organismos. Los briófitos son un componente impor-tante de la biota de estos ecosistemas, donde son altamente diversos y contribuyen de manera significati-va a la producción primaria, estabilización de los márgenes de los cursos de agua y aumento en la hetero-geneidad de hábitats para otros organismos. Este trabajo se realizó en el río Teatinos (Boyacá, Colombia), en un gradiente altitudinal entre 2100 y 3300 m, donde se evaluó la diversidad de briófitos acuáticos y su relación con algunos factores ambientales como pH, conductividad, temperatura, profundidad, pen-diente y ancho del cauce. Se establecieron doce sitios de muestreo distribuidos cada 100 m altitudinales, donde se registraron 70 especies correspondientes a 41 musgos, 27 hepáticas y dos antocerotes. La mayor riqueza y diversidad se reportaron a los 3100 m y la dominancia es mayor a 2400 m. La composición de las comunidades indicó la distribución de las especies en dos grupos, uno entre 2100 y 2800 m y el otro entre 2900 y 3300 m. La temperatura, la conductividad y la pendiente se correlacionan negativamente con la riqueza.
BEETLE ASSEMBLAGE COMPOSITION (COLEOPTERA) ACROSS THE BORBOREMA PLATEAU IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL
ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to compare soil beetle (Coleoptera) species composition between two sites on the Borborema Plateau in Northeastern Brazil. We collected 483 individuals belonging to 23 Coleoptera families and 75 species/morphospecies. On the east face of the Borborema Plateau (Areia-PB) we collected a total of 332 individuals representing 58 species/morphospecies and 21 families. On the west face (Cabaceiras-PB) we collected 151 individuals representing 24 species/morphospecies and eight families. Among the 75 total species/morphospecies collected, 51 occurred exclusively on the eastern face of the plateau and 17 occurred exclusively on the west face. Only seven morphospecies were sampled in both areas. The marked difference in beetle assemblage species composition between the west and east sides of the Borborema Plateau suggests that the positioning and climatic variations maintain and promote high levels of beetle diversity in northeastern Brazil. RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as assembleias de besouros de solo entre dois locais no Planalto da Borborema. Dados de georreferenciamento e climáticos foram usados para comparar as condições locais com as assembleias de besouros. Foram coletados 483 indivíduos, classificados em 75 espécies/ morfoespécies, pertencentes a 23 famílias de Coleoptera. As coletas na face leste do Planalto da Borborema (Areia-PB) totalizaram 332 indivíduos (58 espécies/morfoespécies) pertencentes a 21 famílias. No lado oeste (Cabaceiras-PB) foram coletados 151 indivíduos, 24 espécies/morfoespécies pertencentes a oito famílias. Entre as 75 morfótipos/espécies coletadas, 51 ocorreram exclusivamente na face oriental do Planalto e 17 ocorreram exclusivamente na face oeste. Entre eles, apenas sete morfoespécies foram amostradas em ambas as áreas. A diferença de composição de espécies de besouros entre os lados oeste e leste do Planalto da Borborema sugere que o posicionamento e variações climáticas mantêm e promovem altos níveis de diversidade de besouros no nordeste do Brasil.
Diversity and ecological aspects of aquatic insect communities from montane streams in southern Brazil
AIMS: In this study, the diversity of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Coleoptera communities was surveyed in the Toropi River basin, a watershed localized in a slope region, in southernmost Brazil. The influence of some local abiotic factors on the most common genera was also analyzed. METHODS: Samplings were conducted at 40 sites in 1st-4th order streams, along a short elevation gradient (70-500 m), with a Surber sampler. Water physico-chemical factors, as well as substrate type, were obtained at each site. RESULTS: At all, 5,320 specimens were collected, belonging to 18 families and 52 genera. The caddisflies Austrotinodes and Celaenotrichia, and an undescribed Elmidae, Genus M, are new records for the region. The caddisfly Smicridea was the most frequent genus in the study area. The mayflies Camelobaetidius, Paracloeodes and Americabaetis were influenced by stream order. Smicridea was related to air temperature, while the mayfly Thraulodes was influenced by high levels of electrical conductivity. CONCLUSIONS: The high diversity found in the study area, compared to other Brazilian regions, reflects the environmental heterogeneity in the region. These data show that hydrographic basins in slope areas from extreme Southern Brazil sustain high levels of diversity of aquatic insect communities. OBJETIVOS: Neste estudo a diversidade de comunidades de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera e Coleoptera foi analisada em riachos da Bacia do Rio Toropi, localizada em uma região de encosta, no extremo sul do Brasil. A influência de alguns fatores abióticos sobre os gêneros mais frequentes também foi analisada. MÉTODOS: As coletas foram realizadas em 40 locais, em riachos de 1ª a 4ª ordem, ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal curto (70-500 m), com amostrador Surber. Fatores físico-químicos da água, bem como o tipo de substrato, foram medidos em cada local. RESULTADOS: Ao todo, 5320 exemplares foram coletados, atribuídos a 18 famílias e 52 gêneros. Os tricópteros Austrotinodes, Celaenotrichia e um elmídeo não descrito, Gênero M, são ocorrências novas no estado. O tricóptero Smicridea foi o gênero mais freqüente na área de estudo como um todo. Os efemerópteros Camelobaetidius, Paracloeodes e Americabaetis foram influenciados pela ordem dos rios. Smicridea foi relacionado com a alta temperatura do ar, enquanto o efemeróptero Thraulodes foi influenciado pelo aumento da condutividade elétrica. CONCLUSÕES: A alta diversidade encontrada na região estudada, comparada a de outras regiões brasileiras, é resultado da heterogeneidade ambiental da região de amostragem. Estes dados mostram que rios da encosta do Planalto Meridional são áreas que devem ser preservadas, pois possuem uma rica comunidade de insetos aquáticos.
Percentage Damage to Tomatillo Crops by Heliothis subflexa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at Various Altitudes
Heliothis subflexa (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a monophagous insect specialized in feeding on fruits of the genus Physalis (Solanales: Solanaceae). In Mexico this fruitworm is present in all producing tomatillo areas but at very different levels of infestation. The present study aimed to provide data on the damage percentages caused by H. subflexa along an altitudinal transect ranging from 660 to 2,300 m asl. Evaluations were carried out biweekly on 8 plantations located at various altitudes (m asl) at various locations in the state of Morelos. By random sampling of tomatillo fruits in 5 locations per plot, the percentage of damage was estimated. The results obtained indicate that this species is very damaging at all altitudes in the range of 660 to 1,320 m asl, whereas at altitudes progressively higher than 1,320 m asl, populations become progressively less dense and progressively less damaging, so that at the higher altitudes the pest is not considered to be a phytosanitary problem.
Mammal diversity in the middle basin of the river Tambopata, Puno, Peru
This study documents the mammalian diversity in the Tambopata River middle basin, one of the most important information gaps in Peru. Five sites were evaluated in Puno (San Fermín 850 m, Curva Alegre 950 m, Challohuma 1200 m, Yanahuaya 1600 m, and Yanacocha 1985 m). The trapping effort was 7072 trap-nights and 201 mistnet-nights. 76 species were recorded in the study area, including 16 species under some conservation’s category. Bats and rodents were the most diverse orders (67.5%). The diversity indices of Shannon-Wiener and Simpson for small mammals show a moderate and mild negative correlation with elevation, respectively. Meanwhile the altitude is negatively correlated with the relative abundance (RA) of bats, and positively with the RA of non-volant mammals. The marsupials Marmosa (Micoureus) demerarae, Marmosops bishopi and Marmosops impavidus; the rodent Neacomys musseri, and bats Platyrrhinus albericoi, P. masu, P. nigellus, Eumops auripendulus and Cormura brevirostris are first records for the department of Puno. Akodon baliolus and Oxymycterus juliacae are considered valid species. The species Sturnira lilium and Akodon baliolus were those with the highest RA. Our records, added to published and unpublished data, indicate that the Río Tambopata watershed is habitat of 141 species of mammals. Finally, we recommend the extension of the southern part of the buffer zone of the PNBS to include the montane forests of Yanacocha, to protect the unique middleelevation fauna of the Río Tambopata watershed.
Análisis de la lluvia polínica actual en un gradiente altitudinal en los Andes de Chile Central (33° S)
Los registros polínicos superficiales pueden ser una herramienta para caracterizar la vegetación de una determinada zona y, al igual que los registros de vegetación establecida, son aplicables para clasificar formaciones vegetales y determinar su diversidad. Aunque algunos estudios muestran la relación polenvegetación en Chile, pocos han explorado la diversidad polínica según gradientes altitudinales y la sensibilidad del polen como marcador de pisos vegetales. Mediante identificación morfológica, análisis de conglomerados y zonificación, se emplearon muestras de polen superficial para determinar grupos polínicos representativos de distintos niveles altitudinales y relacionar estas entidades con pisos vegetales ya establecidos. Adicionalmente, en tres cuencas de los Andes de Chile central, comparamos la diversidad polínica entre dichos pisos, como una medida integradora de la composición y abundancia del polen. En la cuenca de Laguna del Viento, cuatro grupos polínicos coincidieron con los pisos vegetales previamente definidos en la literatura: subandino, andino y altoandino, el último de los cuales fue subdividido en dos grupos. En la cuenca de El Yeso se determinaron dos grupos polínicos, todos correspondientes al piso andino. Finalmente, en la cuenca de El Volcán se registraron dos grupos polínicos, relacionados con los pisos vegetales subandino y andino. Solamente en una cuenca la diversidad polínica disminuyó con la altitud. Nuestros resultados muestran que la sensibilidad polínica permite diferenciar pisos vegetales, pero con una menor resolución que la brindada por los estudios vegetales clásicos. Esto se debe, probablemente, a factores diferenciales como la resolución taxonómica y la producción y dispersión del polen.
CARACTERIZACIÓN ESTRUCTURAL DE BOSQUES TROPICALES A LO LARGO DE UN GRADIENTE ALTITUDINAL EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DE ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA CHARACTERIZATION OF TROPICAL FOREST STRUCTURE ALONG AN ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT IN ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA
Con el objetivo de caracterizar e identificar los tipos de bosque del departamento de Antioquia (Colombia), con respecto a sus principales variables estructurales, se establecieron 16 parcelas permanentes de 1 ha (100 x 100 m) a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal. Con respecto a la densidad, el área basal y la altura del sotobosque se observó correlación positiva con el incremento en altitud, mientras que altura del dosel, altura máxima y diámetro máximo presentaron correlación inversa. Se identificó la temperatura -definida como subrogado de la altitud-, como el factor de mayor influencia en la variación estructural de los bosques a escala regional. Con base en estas diferencias estructurales se encontraron dos grupos de bosques: bosques de tierras bajas (0 a 1.500 m) y bosques de tierras altas (> 1.500 m). En la parcela ubicada al extremo superior del gradiente altitudinal (2.950 m) se observaron características estructurales muy similares a los bosques de tierras bajas, determinadas por la marcada dominancia de la especie Quercus humboldtii. Con respecto a las palmas, estas fueron muy comunes a lo largo de todo el gradiente altitudinal excepto a los 2.950 m. Los helechos arbóreos se encontraron sólo por encima de 970 m, mientras que las lianas fueron más abundantes a baja altitud, siendo el bosque seco el que presentó mayor número de individuos de lianas. En conclusión, las diferencias entre los dos tipos de bosques estuvieron caracterizadas principalmente por mayor densidad de tallos y área basal representada por individuos de menor porte en tierras altas, y mayor abundancia de árboles grandes en tierras bajas.In order to identify the main forest types with respect to their structural variation in the Department of Antioquia, Colombia, we established 16 permanent plots of 1 ha each (100 x 100 m) across an altitudinal gradient. Basal area, density, and understory height were positively correlated with altitude, while canopy height, maximum height, and maximum diameter were inversely correlated with altitude. At a regional scale, temperature (defined as a surrogate of altitude) was identified as a key factor determining structural variation. Based on these structural differences, two different groups of forest types were distinguished: lowland forests (0 to 1,500 m) and highland forests (> 1,500 m). However, the plot located at the upper extreme of the altitudinal gradient (2,950 m) presented structural characteristics more similar to the lowland forests than to the other highland forests due to the pronounced dominance of Quercus humboldtii. Palms were a common growth form throughout the gradient except at 2,950 m. Tree ferns were found only above 970 m, while lianas were more abundant at lower altitudes, with dry forest showing the greatest number of liana individuals. In conclusion, the differences between the two groups of forest types were characterized mainly by higher tree density and basal area, comprised of smaller individuals in the highland forests, and a higher abundance of large trees in the lowland forests.
Estructura, diversidad y dinamica de la vegetacion en el ecotono bosque-paramo: revision de la evidencia en la Cordillera de Merida
En los Andes tropicales, el límite altitudinal de los bosques corresponde a una compleja zona de transición entre el bosque paramero y el páramo andino. En el límite inferior de esta zona ocurre a su vez una transición gradual entre el bosque y las selvas nubladas. La ordenación del territorio en estos ecosistemas se ha convertido en un tema prioritario en virtud de la creciente amenaza que representan para su conservación las actividades agropecuarias y la minería. En este trabajo se revisaron las investigaciones realizadas en la Cordillera de Mérida (Venezuela) sobre los cambios en la estructura, diversidad y respuesta a disturbios de la vegetación a lo largo del ecotono bosque-páramo. Los resultados de estas investigaciones documentan la alta riqueza de especies y formas de vida que caracterizan la vegetación del ecotono, así como una alta tasa de recambio de especies a lo largo del gradiente de elevación. Así mismo, estudios sobre la dinámica sucesional de la vegetación en áreas intervenidas por la agricultura en diferentes posiciones a lo largo de la transición, indican que las leñosas del bosque muestran una capacidad mucho menor de colonización de las áreas perturbadas que las especies dominantes del páramo. Con base en la evidencia disponible, se discuten elementos estructurales que pueden servir de base para la delimitación de los ecosistemas presentes en la zona de transición y se enfatiza la necesidad de diseñar estrategias de conservación y restauración asistida que partan de interpretar el ecotono bosque-páramo como una unidad dinámica integrada.