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Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and the Collapse of Anuran Species Richness and Abundance in the Upper Manu National Park, Southeastern Peru
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and the Collapse of Anuran Species Richness and Abundance in the Upper Manu National Park, Southeastern Peru
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Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and the Collapse of Anuran Species Richness and Abundance in the Upper Manu National Park, Southeastern Peru
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and the Collapse of Anuran Species Richness and Abundance in the Upper Manu National Park, Southeastern Peru

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Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and the Collapse of Anuran Species Richness and Abundance in the Upper Manu National Park, Southeastern Peru
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and the Collapse of Anuran Species Richness and Abundance in the Upper Manu National Park, Southeastern Peru
Journal Article

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and the Collapse of Anuran Species Richness and Abundance in the Upper Manu National Park, Southeastern Peru

2011
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Overview
Amphibians are declining worldwide, but these declines have been particularly dramatic in tropical mountains, where high endemism and vulnerability to an introduced fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is associated with amphibian extinctions. We surveyed frogs in the Peruvian Andes in montane forests along a steep elevational gradient (1200-3700 m). We used visual encounter surveys to sample stream-dwelling and arboreal species and leaf-litter plots to sample terrestrial-breeding species. We compared species richness and abundance among the wet seasons of 1999, 2008, and 2009. Despite similar sampling effort among years, the number of species (46 in 1999) declined by 47% between 1999 and 2008 and by 38% between 1999 and 2009. When we combined the number of species we found in 2008 and 2009, the decline from 1999 was 36%. Declines of stream-dwelling and arboreal species (a reduction in species richness of 55%) were much greater than declines of terrestrial-breeding species (reduction of 20% in 2008 and 24% in 2009). Similarly, abundances of stream-dwelling and arboreal frogs were lower in the combined 2008-2009 period than in 1999, whereas densities of frogs in leaf-litter plots did not differ among survey years. These declines may be associated with the infection of frogs with Bd. B. dendrobatidis prevalence correlated significantly with the proportion of species that were absent from the 2008 and 2009 surveys along the elevational gradient. Our results suggest Bd may have arrived at the site between 1999 and 2007, which is consistent with the hypothesis that this pathogen is spreading in epidemic waves along the Andean cordilleras. Our results also indicate a rapid decline of frog species richness and abundance in our study area, a national park that contains many endemic amphibian species and is high in amphibian species richness. Las poblaciones de anfibios están disminuyendo mundialmente, pero estas disminuciones han sido particularmente dramáticas en montañas tropicales, donde el endemismo y la vulnerabilidad a un patógeno fúngico introducido, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), están asociados con extinciones de anfibios. Muestreamos ranas en el los Andes Peruanos en bosques montanos a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal pronunciado (1200-3700 m). Utilizamos técnicas de encuentros visuales para muestrear especies arbóreas y en quebradas y cuadrantes en la hojarasca para muestrear especies terrestres. Comparamos la riqueza de especies y la abundancia entre las estaciones lluviosas de 1999, 2008 y 2009. No obstante esfuerzos de muestreo similares, el número de especies (46 en 1999) disminuyó en 47% entre 1999 y 2008 y en 38% entre 1999 y 2009. Cuando combinamos el número de especies encontradas en 2008 y 2009, la disminución desde 1999 fue de 36%. Las disminuciones de especies arbóreas y que se reproducen en quebradas (una reducción de 55% en la riqueza de especies) fueron mucho mayores que las disminuciones de las especies terrestres (reducción de 20% en 2008 y 24% en 2009). De manera similar, las abundancias de ranas en quebradas y arbóreas fueron menores en el período combinado 2008-2009 que en 1999, mientras que las densidades de ranas en los cuadrantes de hojarasca no cambiaron en los años de muestreo. Estas disminuciones pueden estar asociadas con la infección de ranas con Bd. La prevalencia de B. dendrobatidis se correlacionó significativamente con la proporción de especies que estuvieron ausentes en los muestreos de 2008 y 2009 a lo largo del gradiente altitudinal. Nuestros resultados sugieren que Bd pudo haber llegado al sitio entre 1999 y 2007, lo cual es consistente con la hipótesis de que este patógeno se está dispersando en olas epidémicas a lo largo de las cordilleras Andinas. Nuestros resultados también indican una rápida disminución de la riqueza de especies y abundancia de ranas en nuestra área de estudio, un parque nacional que contiene muchas especies de anfibios endémicas y tiene una gran riqueza de especies de anfibios.