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To meet the challenge of food security, it is necessary to obtain information about rice fields accurately, quickly and conveniently. In this study, based on the analysis of existing rice fields extraction methods and the characteristics of intra-annual variation of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the different types of ground features, the NDVI difference method is used to extract rice fields using Sentinel data based on the unique feature of rice fields having large differences in vegetation between the pre-harvest and post-harvest periods. Firstly, partial correlation analysis is used to study the influencing factors of the rice harvesting period, and a simulation model of the rice harvesting period is constructed by multiple regression analysis with data from 32 sample points. Sentinel data of the pre-harvest and post-harvest periods of rice fields are determined based on the selected rice harvesting period. The NDVI values of the rice fields are calculated for both the pre-harvest and post-harvest periods, and 33 samples of the rice fields are selected from the high-resolution image. The threshold value for rice field extraction is determined through statistical analysis of the NDVI difference in the sample area. This threshold was then utilized to extract the initial extent of rice fields. Secondly, to address the phenomenon of the “water edge effect” in the initial data, the water extraction method based on the normalized difference water index (NDWI) is used to remove the pixels of water edges. Finally, the extraction results are verified and analyzed for accuracy. The study results show that: (1) The rice harvesting period is significantly correlated with altitude and latitude, with coefficients of 0.978 and 0.922, respectively, and the simulation model of the harvesting period can effectively determine the best period of remote sensing images needed to extract rice fields; (2) The NDVI difference method based on sentinel data for rice fields extraction is excellent; (3) The mixed pixels have a large impact on the accuracy of rice fields extraction, due to the water edge effect. Combining NDWI can effectively reduce the water edge effect and significantly improve the accuracy of rice field extraction.

Background Dendrobium officinale is a medicinal plant with high commercial value. The Dendrobium officinale market in Yunnan is affected by the standardization of medicinal material quality control and the increase in market demand, mainly due to the inappropriate harvest time, which puts it under increasing resource pressure. In this study, considering the high polysaccharide content of Dendrobium leaves and its contribution to today’s medical industry, (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) FTIR combined with chemometrics was used to combine the yields of both stem and leaf parts of Dendrobium officinale to identify the different harvesting periods and to predict the dry matter content for the selection of the optimal harvesting period. Results The Three-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (3DCOS) images of Dendrobium stems to build a (Split-Attention Networks) ResNet model can identify different harvesting periods 100%, which is 90% faster than (Support Vector Machine) SVM, and provides a scientific basis for modeling a large number of samples. The (Partial Least Squares Regression) PLSR model based on MSC preprocessing can predict the dry matter content of Dendrobium stems with Factor = 7, RMSE = 0.47, R 2  = 0.99, RPD = 8.79; the PLSR model based on SG preprocessing can predict the dry matter content of Dendrobium leaves with Factor = 9, RMSE = 0.2, R 2  = 0.99, RPD = 9.55. Conclusions These results show that the ResNet model possesses a fast and accurate recognition ability, and at the same time can provide a scientific basis for the processing of a large number of sample data; the PLSR model with MSC and SG preprocessing can predict the dry matter content of Dendrobium stems and leaves, respectively; The suitable harvesting period for D. officinale is from November to April of the following year, with the best harvesting period being December. During this period, it is necessary to ensure sufficient water supply between 7:00 and 10:00 every day and to provide a certain degree of light blocking between 14:00 and 17:00.

To fill the research gap in the mechanical and physical properties of different varieties of sweet potatoes at different points in the harvest period and to provide a theoretical basis for the design of key components of the sweet potato harvester, the physical properties of Su-Shu 16, Su-Shu 36, and Ning-Zi 4 during the harvest period were studied at three time points: 15 October, 25 October, and 4 November 2023. The moisture content of sweet potatoes was determined using the DGF30/7-IA electric hot air-drying oven. The results showed that the moisture content of sweet potatoes decreased with increasing growth time at three different time points during the harvest period. The moisture content of Su-Shu 16 was, on average, 12.74% higher than that of Su-Shu 36, while the moisture content of Ning-Zi 4 was, on average, 8.07% higher than that of Su-Shu 36. The density of Su-Shu 36 measured by the drainage method is greater than that of Su-Shu 16 and Ning-Zi 4, but the difference is relatively small, and the density tends to decrease slowly with the increase of growth time. Using an electronic universal testing machine, compression tests were conducted on Su-Shu 16, Su-Shu 36, and Ning-Zi 4 at loading speeds of 5 mm/min and 10 mm/min, respectively. The results showed that the compressive strength limit range of Su-Shu 36 was slightly higher than that of Su-Shu 16 and significantly higher than that of Ning-Zi 4. The Poisson’s ratio, elastic modulus, and shear modulus values of Su-Shu 16 and Su-Shu 36 were similar and much higher than those of Ning-Zi 4. Studying sweet potatoes’ growth and physical characteristics for different purposes can provide data references for the design of digging depth, working width, and conveyor chain gap of sweet potato harvesters, as well as data references for sweet potato simulation experiments.

Rotating algae biofilm reactors (RABRs) can reduce energy requirements for wastewater reclamation but require further optimization for implementation at water resource recovery facilities (WRRF). Optimizing RABR operation is challenging because conditions at WRRF change frequently, and disregarding interaction terms related to these changes can produce incorrect conclusions about RABR behavior. This study evaluated the two-way interaction and main effects of four factors on the biomass productivity and phosphorus removal efficiency of a microalgae-bacteria biofilm grown in municipal anaerobic digester centrate, with factor levels and operating conditions selected to mimic a pilot RABR at a WRRF in Utah. Two-way interactions harvesting period*light intensity (LI), harvesting period*temperature, and LI*hydraulic retention time (HRT) had significant effects on biomass productivity: at high temperature and low LI, highest biomass productivity was achieved with a 14-day harvesting period, but at medium temperature and high LI, highest biomass productivity was achieved with a 7-day harvesting period. At high HRT, highest biomass productivity occurred at low LI, but at low HRT, highest biomass productivity occurred at high LI. Phosphorus removal was strongly influenced by LI and occurred most rapidly during the first 2 days HRT, which suggests precipitation contributed significantly to phosphorus removal. These observations provide insight for further RABR optimization.

(1) Background: Mulberry leaves have been widely consumed due to their richness in bioactive substances and high antioxidant activity. The choice of storage method to ensure the quality of mulberry leaves is a challenge in the supply process. (2) Methods: The differences in primary metabolites of freeze-dried mulberry leaf powder after 30 days of storage under different storage conditions (i.e., vacuum or non-vacuum, 4 °C or room temperature) were investigated. (3) Results: A low temperature and vacuum had better preservation effects on the types and activity of the primary metabolites of mulberry leaves, with vacuum preservation being the best. However, the types of primary metabolites in mulberry leaves were significantly reduced after non-vacuum storage at room temperature compared to those with other storage methods. Among the metabolites detected, including dehydroascorbic acid, various phenolic acids, amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates showed a significant decrease in their contents of more than 40%, and there was a significant increase in the contents of various compounds of the muconic acid biosynthetic pathway compared to those in other storage methods. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of mulberry leaves stored at room temperature under non-vacuum conditions was also significantly reduced. (4) Conclusions: Vacuum storage is the most ideal storage method for preserving mulberry leaves.

Majiayou pomelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck, MP) is a famous local red pulp pomelo from the Jiangxi province in China that is rich in natural active substances. In order to investigate the postharvest antioxidant capacities of MP pulp and determine the optimal harvesting time, fruits that were harvested at three different maturities (185, 200, and 215 days after full bloom) were observed for 180 days of preservation at ambient temperature. An abundance of ascorbic acid and lycopene in the MP pulp was found during storage, and in Harvest I, these substances were significantly higher than in Harvest II and Harvest III fruit (p < 0.05). The activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), and catalases (CAT) in Harvest I and Harvest II were far higher after 90 days. The radical scavenging ability of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide anion radical (O2−•), and hydroxyl radical (•OH) in Harvest I and Harvest II were higher. There was a significantly positive correlation (p < 0.01) between the antioxidant components (ascorbic acid, lycopene, carotenoids, total phenols, and total flavonoids), enzyme activity, and radical scavenging ability. The comprehensive scores determined by principal component analysis (PCA) in Harvest I and II were higher than those in Harvest III. Therefore, the optimal harvesting period of MP for each year is determined to be early November. The study provides a theoretical basis for the maintenance of the postharvest fruit value and the regulation of fruit functional components.

ObjectiveTo investigate the quality standards and anti-proliferative effects of Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis (GJE) at different harvesting periods, and to determine the optimal harvesting time for anti-cancer applications.MethodsA fast, simple, and accurate analytical method was established using UFLC/Q-TOF-MS technology in positive and negative ion modes to identify differential components in GJE samples collected at seven harvesting periods. The anti-proliferative effects of GJE extracts were evaluated against MCF7 breast cancer and HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines using MTT assay.ResultsA total of 52 components were successfully identified from GJE samples, including iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. GJE demonstrated stronger anti-proliferative effects against HepG2 cells compared to MCF7 cells. The anti-proliferative activity increased progressively with fruit maturation, reaching peak efficacy at stages 5–6 (orange-red to red fruits) and declining at stage 7 (overripe dark red fruits). Most iridoid glycosides, flavonoids and phenolic acids showed increasing trends during the growth process, correlating with enhanced anti-proliferative effects.ConclusionGJE may serve as a potential source for developing anti-cancer therapeutic agents due to its demonstrated anti-proliferative activity. The mature fruits at stages 5–6 are most suitable for anti-cancer applications, providing scientific guidance for optimal harvesting time and quality standardization of GJE as a medicinal material.

Investigation to evaluate the effect of varying levels of manure fertilization on the productivity and feed quality of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) during bi-weekly harvests was conducted in Gyeongbuk province, Republic of Korea, over a span of two years. The experimental design adopted a randomized complete block with four harvesting periods (100, 110, 120, and 130 days after planting - DAP) and four manure fertilization levels (0, 150, 200, and 250 kg N/ha), each replicated thrice. The findings revealed a positive correlation between manure fertilization application and kenaf growth, with the greatest plant height observed at the highest manure fertilization levels. The manure fertilization application level of 200 kg N/ha resulted in the highest dry matter (DM) yield, coupled with the highest crude protein (CP) content in kenaf leaves. Elevating manure fertilization level had a significant diminishing effect on acid detergent fiber (ADF) content, concurrently escalating neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content. Notably, the manure fertilization levels of 200 and 250 kg N/ha exhibited the highest total digestible nutrient (TDN) content. The temporal progression of kenaf growth was characterized by increasing height, while no statistically significant differences were detected in DM yield. In summation, optimal growth and development of the kenaf plant were attained through a manure fertilization application level of 200 kg N/ha, coupled with harvesting between 110 and 120 DAP. The adoption of these practices holds the potential to enhance both local and international kenaf markets, while concurrently addressing environmental concerns associated with conventional farming practices.

Oranges are a rich source of bioactive compounds with recognized benefits for human health. To guarantee high quality and production levels, citrus farms usually employ the combination of selected cultivars with well adapted rootstocks. This study analyzes the impact of four different citrus rootstocks (Forner-Alcaide no.5, ‘Cleopatra mandarin’, Citrus volkameriana and Carrizo citrange) on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of two orange cultivars (‘Salustiana’ and ‘Sanguinelli’) widely used in the orange juice industry. For the hydrophilic fraction, the phenolic compound, anthocyanin, and organic acid profiles were determined by HPLC-DAD-HRMS, and the antioxidant activity by ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC assays. Besides, the total carotenoids and ABTS concentrations were calculated for the hydrophobic fraction. A set of three flavanones, one flavone, and eight anthocyanins were tentatively identified and quantified in the orange cultivars tested. The predominant phenolic compounds obtained in both orange cultivars were hesperidin and narirutin, while cyanidin-3-O-(6″-malonyl) glucoside followed by cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside were the main anthocyanins found in the ‘Sanguinelli’ cultivar. Citric acid, followed by malic, oxalic, and ascorbic acids were the main organic acids. The higher amount of antioxidant compounds was found in fruit from the Forner-Alcaide no.5 rootstock. These results indicate that Forner-Alcaide n.5 affects positively the phenolic and organic acid composition and the antioxidant capacity of ‘Sanguinelli’ and ‘Salustiana’ cultivars, and is therefore a good option for the sector based on the healthy promoting properties.

Reaumuria songarica is a key dominant species in the desert regions of northern China. The selection of appropriate seed source and the determination of optimal seed harvesting times are critical for the development and utilization of its germplasm resources. In this study, nine R. songarica habitats with varying precipitation levels were identified in the HeHuang Valley. We determined the optimal seed harvesting period and evaluated seed traits, germination characteristics, and initial seedling growth at this optimal period harvest time. The results indicated that the optimal harvesting window for R. songarica seeds is between 60 and 100 days after flowering, depending on the precipitation of the seed source area. Species origin accounted for the largest variation in seed germination characteristics and seedling growth, with the highest coefficient of variation observed in the vitality index (28.44%) and the lowest in seed viability (3.78%). In the standard germination test, seed germination was primarily influenced by 1000‐seed weight and seed viability, while seedling growth was mainly affected by seed electrical conductivity. Seed drought germination resistance was most influenced by seed biofilm integrity and seed size. In conclusion, high‐quality, drought‐tolerant R. songarica germplasm can be obtained by selecting drought‐prone seed source areas in the HeHuang Valley and harvesting seeds between 90 and 100 days after flowering. These findings underscore the critical role of precipitation at the seed source in shaping seed and seedling traits, providing valuable guidance for the future development and utilization of R. songarica germplasm resources. The seeds from nine Reaumuria songarica provenance sites in Chengguide County, Qinghai Province, China were analyzed and studied. The best harvest time and the best provenance were selected.