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According to Faulkner (2022b), in the case of Spanish, “indicative directive complements are strongly preferable to subjunctive clauses when a weak necessity and teleological matrix directive embeds a modal verb of equivalent strength and type” (p. 8). She explains that the exceptionality of this phenomenon relates to both predicates being interpreted in concord with one another. Having compared and analyzed several authentic examples of mood use in this context (see Faulkner 2021b, 2022a, 2022b), she, consequently, suggests that, in spite of being labeled core selectors of the subjunctive (e.g., Villalta 2008), if a modal concord construction is to come into play, the mood of the particular directive complement is affected. However, unbeknownst to Faulkner (2022b) at the time of publishing, this symbiotic relationship between modal concord and mood is not exclusive to matrix and subordinate directives that are weak necessity (of strength) and teleological (of type). Concord readings may, in fact, be evoked in contexts in which both the matrix and embedded predicates are, for example, either deontic and strong necessity or bouletic and strong necessity. In other words, if the two expressions parallel each other in strength and priority, an indicative modal complement, interpreted in concord (or unison) with the main directive, is likely to result; and, most importantly, whether or not the two modal elements are teleological and weak necessity.

In this study, pH indicative films were successfully synthesized from hydrogels made by blending 1% poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and 1% chitosan (CS) with anthocyanin (ATH) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). Particularly, ATH extracted from red cabbage was used as the pH indicator, while STPP was utilized as the cross-linking agent to provide better mechanical properties of the cast films. FT-IR spectra confirmed the existence of the ATH in the cast films. Moreover, the tensile strength, the elongation-at-break, and the swelling indices of the cast films were measured. In general, these properties of pH indicative films were profoundly influenced by the compositions of PVA/CS and the STPP dosage applied in the hydrogels. For example, the tensile strength could change from 43.27 MPa on a film cast from pure PVA hydrogel to 29.89 MPa, if 35% of the PVA hydrogel was substituted with CS. The cast films were applied as a food wrap that could be used to monitor visually the quality of the enwrapped food via the color change of the film upon the variation in pH values of the enwrapped food. In practice, a sequential change in color was successfully observed on the pH indicative films partially enwrapping the pork belly, indicating the spoilage of the meat.

In five studies, we explored whether power increases moral hypocrisy (i.e., imposing strict moral standards on other people but practicing less strict moral behavior oneself). In Experiment I, compared with the powerless, the powerful condemned other people's cheating more, but also cheated more themselves. In Experiments 2 through 4, the powerful were more strict in judging other people's moral transgressions than in judging their own transgressions. A final study found that the effect of power on moral hypocrisy depends on the legitimacy of the power: When power was illegitimate, the moral-hypocrisy effect was reversed, with the illegitimately powerful becoming stricter in judging their own behavior than in judging other people's behavior. This pattern, which might be dubbed hypercrisy, was also found among low-power participants in Experiments 3 and 4. We discuss how patterns of hypocrisy and hypercrisy among the powerful and powerless can help perpetuate social inequality.

This paper explores trivalent truth conditions for indicative conditionals, examining the \"defective\" truth table proposed by de Finetti (1936) and Reichenbach (1935, 1944). On their approach, a conditional takes the value of its consequent whenever its antecedent is true, and the value Indeterminate otherwise. Here we deal with the problem of selecting an adequate notion of validity for this conditional. We show that all standard validity schemes based on de Finetti's table come with some problems, and highlight two ways out of the predicament: one pairs de Finetti's conditional (DF) with validity as the preservation of non-false values (TT-validity), but at the expense of Modus Ponens; the other modifies de Finetti's table to restore Modus Ponens. In Part I of this paper, we present both alternatives, with specific attention to a variant of de Finetti's table (CC) proposed by Cooper (Inquiry 11, 295–320, 1968) and Cantwell (Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 49, 245–260, 2008). In Part II, we give an indepth treatment of the proof theory of the resulting logics, DF/TT and CC/TT: both are connexive logics, but with significantly different algebraic properties.

High-density aquaculture has led to increasing occurrences of diseases in shrimp. Thus, it is imperative to establish effective and quantitative strategies for preventing and predicting these diseases. Water quality indices and investigations of specific pathogen abundance provide only a qualitative evaluation of the risk of shrimp disease and can be inaccurate. To address these shortcomings, we introduced intestinal indicative assemblages as independent variables with which to quantitatively predict incidences of shrimp disease. Given the ignorance regarding the niches differences in the shrimp intestine throughout its developmental stages, the use of probiotics in aquaculture has had limited success. Therefore, we propose the exploration of effective probiotic bacteria from shrimp intestinal flora and the establishment of therapeutic strategies dependent on shrimp age. Following ecological selection principles, we hypothesize that the larval stage provides the best opportunity to establish a desired gut microbiota through preemptive colonization of the treated rearing water with known probiotics. To employ this strategy, however, substantial barriers must be overcome.

Indicative planning is a significant tool for regulating the processes of socio-economic development at the regional level. Among the indicators used in this regard, we highlight the indicators that reflect the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the human wellbeing. The aim of the study is to reveal the potential of indicative planning for analyzing and forecasting the dynamics of population income in a region. Our analysis is focused on the incomes of the population in regional scales. We consider the evolution of indicative planning. Moreover, we classify macroeconomic parameters reflecting different aspects of the dynamics of the regional population incomes according to different analytical blocks. In order to assess the relative importance of each indicator, we propose to evaluate them using three matrices: achieving objectives (how much indicators influence the achievement of main objectives); autonomy (how much indicators or processes ensure the stability of regional socio-economic system); regionality (to what degree they can be classified as internal factors of regional system). The authors substantiate a method of the construction of integral index including seven stages. Furthermore, we estimate the weights of the selected indicators according to the special criteria. The assessment has showed the influence of “big challenges” on the regional population incomes, on the integral index as well as on the block indexes. The proposed typology of macroeconomic parameters of the population income can be used to forecast the socio-economic development of regions within the framework of strategic planning. In addition, it can be applied by the authorities of the Russian Federation subjects for the indicative planning of economic and social policy. Moreover, it is useful when monitoring the dynamics of population income and other indicators reflecting the living standard of the inhabitants of a region.

Smart cities rely on a network of sensors to gather real-time data on various environmental factors, including air quality. This paper addresses the challenges of improving the accuracy of low-cost particulate matter sensors (LCPMSs) which can be compromised by environmental conditions, such as high humidity, which is common in many urban areas. Such weather conditions often lead to the overestimation of particle counts due to hygroscopic particle growth, resulting in a potential public concern, although most of the detected particles consist of just water. The paper presents an innovative design for an indicative air-quality measuring station that integrates the particulate matter sensor with a preconditioning subsystem designed to mitigate the impact of humidity. The preconditioning subsystem works by heating the incoming air, effectively reducing the relative humidity and preventing the hygroscopic growth of particles before they reach the sensor. To validate the effectiveness of this approach, parallel measurements were conducted using both preconditioned and non-preconditioned sensors over a period of 19 weeks. The data were analyzed to compare the performance of the sensors in terms of accuracy for PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 particles. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in measurement accuracy for the preconditioned sensor, especially in environments with high relative humidity. When the conditions were too severe and both sensors started measuring incorrect values, the preconditioned sensor-measured values were closer to the actual values. Also, the period of measuring incorrect values was shorter with the preconditioned sensor. The results suggest that the implementation of air preconditioning subsystems in LCPMSs deployed in smart cities can provide a cost-effective solution to overcome humidity-related inaccuracies, thereby improving the overall quality of measured air pollution data.

Kolodny argues that none of them work. The best way to resolve the paradox is to give a semantics for deontic modals and indicative conditionals that lets all see how the argument can be invalid even with its obvious logical form. This requires rejecting the general validity of at least one classical deduction rule.

The focus of this opinion is on the key features of sentience in animals which can experience different states of welfare, encapsulated by the new term ‘welfare-aligned sentience’. This term is intended to exclude potential forms of sentience that do not enable animals in some taxa to have the subjective experiences which underlie different welfare states. As the scientific understanding of key features of sentience has increased markedly during the last 10 to 15 years, a major purpose here is to provide up-to-date information regarding those features. Eleven interconnected statements about sentience-associated body functions and behaviour are therefore presented and explained briefly. These statements are sequenced to provide progressively more information about key scientifically-supported attributes of welfare-aligned sentience, leading, in their entirety, to a more comprehensive understanding of those attributes. They are as follows: (1) Internal structure–function interactions and integration are the foundations of sentience; (2) animals posess a capacity to respond behaviourally to a range of sensory inputs; (3) the more sophisticated nervous systems can generate subjective experiences, that is, affects; (4) sentience means that animals perceive or experience different affects consciously; (5) within a species, the stage of neurobiological development is significant; (6) during development the onset of cortically-based consciousness is accompanied by cognitively-enhanced capacities to respond behaviourally to unpredictable postnatal environments; (7) sentience includes capacities to communicate with others and to interact with the environment; (8) sentience incorporates experiences of negative and positive affects; (9) negative and positive affective experiences ‘matter’ to animals for various reasons; (10) acknowledged obstacles inherent in anthropomorphism are largely circumvented by new scientific knowledge, but caution is still required; and (11) there is increasing evidence for sentience among a wider range of invertebrates. The science-based explanations of these statements provide the foundation for a brief definition of ‘welfare-aligned sentience’, which is offered for consideration. Finally, it is recommended that when assessing key features of sentience the same emphasis should be given to positive and negative affective experiences in the context of their roles in, or potential impacts on, animal welfare.