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As an emerging fringe science, bionics integrates the understanding of nature, imitation of nature, and surpassing nature in one aspect, and it organically combines the synergistic complementarity of function and structure–function integrated materials which is of great scientific interest. By imitating the microstructure of a natural biological surface, the bionic superhydrophobic surface prepared by human beings has the properties of self-cleaning, anti-icing, water collection, anti-corrosion and oil–water separation, and the preparation research methods are increasing. The preparation methods of superhydrophobic surface include vapor deposition, etching modification, sol–gel, template, electrostatic spinning, and electrostatic spraying, which can be applied to fields such as medical care, military industry, ship industry, and textile. The etching modification method can directly modify the substrate, so there is no need to worry about the adhesion between the coating and the substrate. The most obvious advantage of this method is that the obtained superhydrophobic surface is integrated with the substrate and has good stability and corrosion resistance. In this article, the different preparation methods of bionic superhydrophobic materials were summarized, especially the etching modification methods, we discussed the detailed classification, advantages, and disadvantages of these methods, and the future development direction of the field was prospected.

Inspired by animals or plants in nature, the surface of many industrial products is endowed with superhydrophobic properties according to the principle of bionics, thus solving multiple industrial problems, such as self-cleaning, underwater drag reduction, droplet or bubble control, delayed icing, corrosion prevention, biomimetic deposition, optical applications, anisotropy, oil–water separation and so on. As an advanced method for preparing superhydrophobic surfaces, laser biomimetic manufacturing has the characteristics of high efficiency, flexibility and controllability. Therefore, laser biomimetic manufacturing technology has received extensive attention in recent years, and has been widely studied in the superhydrophobic fields. This paper highlights the latest research progress of application of functional superhydrophobic surface prepared by laser biomimetic manufacturing. Finally, the future research directions for functional superhydrophobic surface are discussed, and the development has been prospected. Graphical Abstract

The wettability and adhesion of biological surfaces often depend on their periodically arranged hybrid micro–nano array structures. Various fabrication processes are designed to mimic biomimetic micro–nano array surfaces. This review summarizes the types of micro–nano array structures and analyzes fabrication methods based on top‐down and bottom‐up construction, including templating, etching, self‐assembly, and electrospinning/electrospraying. This review focuses on the shape reconfiguration of surface micro–nano array structures under physical stimuli, as well as the changes in material surface properties during the reconfiguration process. In addition, the applications of biomimetic micro–nano array composite surfaces in the fields of droplet transport, adhesion properties, sensors, and soft robotics are also discussed, and the current challenges and prospects in this field are identified. The combination of top‐down and bottom‐up approaches enables the fabrication of surfaces with hybrid micro–nano array structures. The tunable micro–nanostructures of smart surfaces respond to physical stimuli such as mechanical force, temperature, light, electricity, and magnetism, which have broad application prospects in the fields of wettability regulation, droplet transport, sensors, and soft robotics.

A high-sensitivity curvature sensor with dual-parameter measurement ability based on angularly cascaded long-period fiber grating (AC-LPFG) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, which consists of two titled LPFGs (TLPFGs) with different tilt angles and the same grating period. AC-LPFG was fabricated by using a deep ultraviolet laser and an amplitude-mask in our laboratory. The experimental results show that simultaneous measurement of curvature and temperature can be achieved by monitoring the wavelengths of two resonant peaks for different TLPFGs. The two peaks show opposite shifts with increasing curvature and has a maximum curvature sensitivity of 16.392 nm/m−1. With the advantages of low cost, high sensitivity, and dual-parameter measurements, our sensor has more potential for engineering applications.

There is a lack of research on the bonding ability of attachments to fluorosis enamel. This study evaluates Er: YAG laser-assisted acid etching as a potential optimization protocol. Twenty healthy teeth and ninety fluorotic teeth (Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index = 4) were divided into a control group (healthy enamel + acid etching) and a fluorotic group (acid etching 30/60/90 seconds vs. Er: YAG laser + acid etching). The enamel surface was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, and the shear bond strength (SBS) of each group (n = 10/group) was tested. Attachments exhibited higher SBS than brackets (P < 0.01). Laser-acid etching enhanced SBS compared to acid etching alone (P < 0.01). Laser-treated surfaces exhibited predominantly mixed fracture and resin cohesion fractures, in contrast to adhesive interface fractures and mixed fractures in the acid-only groups. Er: YAG laser (100mJ/30 Hz) with 60 seconds acid etching achieves excellent bonding for fluorotic enamel attachments, restoring adhesion to healthy enamel levels while preventing over-etching damage. This protocol shows clinical potential for bonding fluorotic enamel.

AbtractIn recent years, the development boom of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has attracted the attention of many researchers. Compared with the research on the surface structure and chemical modification of the friction layer, the improvement of the spatial structure of the friction layer has a profound impact on triboelectricity. This study uses laser etching technology to design the friction layer of TENG as a micro-pillar array, which increases its friction area. This structure is also conducive to the rapid contact and separation of the friction layer. Through the test, the open-circuit voltage Voc and short-circuit current the amplitudes of Isc are as high as 49 V and 1.008 μA, respectively; and the output power of this TENG device is 56.82 μw, the output signal of 5000 s is repeatedly tested and has good stability and consistency. In terms of practical application: The device charges 1.1, 3.3, 4.7 and 10 μF capacitors for 100 s and can store voltage values of 3.92, 2.06, 1.82 and 1.35 V. At the same time, TENG can collect the mechanical energy of human movement, showing great potential in wearable electronic devices and other fields.

Laser processing parameters are an important factor determining the surface quality during the process of micro pit surface texture forming. Box-Behnken (BBD) and orthogonal method were used to design the parameters of laser machining, as well as the relationship between energy, frequency, pulse width and repetition times on micro pit forming were studied. The response surface method (RSM) model and BP neural network model optimized by gray wolf algorithm (GWO) were established respectively, and the processing parameters were predicted and optimized. The optimal laser processing parameters obtained by GWO-BP model were 333.5 μm and 28.8 μm, which are higher than 254.2 μm and 21.4 μm obtained by RSM model. The results showed that the prediction and optimization ability of the GWO-BP model was better than that of the RSM model, and the BP model optimized by GWO could provide a more effective prediction method for realizing the optimal laser micro pit machining.

Graphene is a revolutionary material with excellent optical, electrical and mechanical properties and has garnered significant attention in the realm of nanopore technology. Devices incorporating graphene nanopores leverage the material’s atomic thickness to enhance detection precision in solid-state nanopores. These nanopores exhibit high spatial resolution and ion selectivity, making them promising sensors for biomolecular detection. Additionally, their unique characteristics suggest their considerable potential for applications in material separation and osmotic power generation. In recent years, several literature reviews on graphene nanopores have been published; however, some have not fully addressed certain important aspects, such as the depth of theoretical analysis, the extent of coverage on technological advancements, and the exploration of potential applications. This paper reviews current fabrication methods, including “top-down” etching and “bottom-up” synthesis, highlighting their advantages and limitations. We also summarize diverse applications of graphene nanopores, such as in biomolecule detection and water desalination. Our findings emphasize the need for a deeper exploration of these aspects, advancing the field by showcasing the broader potential of graphene nanopores in addressing various technological challenges.

Inspired by the superhydrophobic properties of some plants and animals with special structures, such as self-cleaning, water repellent, and drag reduction, the research on the basic theory and practical applications of superhydrophobic surfaces is increasing. In this paper, the characteristics of superhydrophobic surfaces and the preparation methods of superhydrophobic surfaces are briefly reviewed. The mechanisms of drag reduction on superhydrophobic surfaces and the effects of parameters such as flow rate, fluid viscosity, wettability, and surface morphology on drag reduction are discussed, as well as the applications of superhydrophobic surfaces in boiling heat transfer and condensation heat transfer. Finally, the limitations of adapting superhydrophobic surfaces to industrial applications are discussed. The possibility of applying superhydrophobic surfaces to highly viscous fluids for heat transfer to reduce flow resistance and improve heat transfer efficiency is introduced as a topic for further research in the future.

Utilizing laser etching technology under specific laser parameters (laser energy 250 mJ, repetition rate 1 Hz, pulse width 30 ns, spot diameter 150 µm), single-crystal silicon was etched, followed by the deposition of materials onto silicon-based microcavity samples using the pulsed laser deposition method. The Ge-coated microcavity samples were characterized using SEM and EDS, revealing cluster formations at the edges of the microcavities with the presence of germanium within these clusters. Photoluminescence spectroscopy identified characteristic luminescence peaks due to transverse optical (TO) phonon vibrations at 695 nm in the Ge-coated microcavity samples. Subsequently, the Ge-coated microcavity samples were subjected to high-temperature annealing at 1000 °C. After annealing for 30 min, a sharp luminescence peak at 700 nm associated with Ge-O bonds was observed. Finally, a layer of Si was deposited over the Ge-coated samples using pulsed laser deposition, resulting in a Ge-Si bilayer structure. After annealing at 1000 °C, this bilayer structure exhibited two distinctive peaks at 700 nm and 940 nm, with the former being a sharp peak due to Ge-O bonds and the latter due to the formation of Si-Si bonds within the clusters.