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To compare the corneal biomechanical parameters measured by Corvis ST in subjects with varying degrees of myopia. And the factors that may affect corneal biomechanical properties were also investigated. Participants in this prospective cross-sectional study were classified into three groups according to spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL): Non-myopia (NM, SE > − 0.50 D and AL < 26 mm), Mild-to-moderate myopia (MM, − 6.00 D < SE ≤ − 0.50 D and AL < 26 mm), high myopia (HM, SE ≤ − 6.00 D or AL ≥ 26 mm). Ten corneal biomechanical parameters were finally included. Linear mixed-effects model accounting for using both eyes in the same participant was carried out to evaluate how the corneal biomechanical parameter was influenced by varying degrees of myopia after adjusting for biomechanically corrected intraocular pressure (bIOP) and central corneal thickness (CCT). Further, multiple linear regression was performed to explore the correlation between corneal biomechanical parameter and SE, AL, bIOP or CCT. A total of 304 eyes from 224 healthy myopic subjects were recorded. There were 95 eyes with NM, 122 eyes with MM, and 87 eyes with HM. After adjusting for bIOP and CCT, eyes with high myopia showed shorter highest concavity time (HC-time, p  = 0.025), greater peak distance (PD, p  = 0.001), greater deflection amplitude (DA-Max, p  = 0.002), smaller whole eye movement (WEM-Max, p  < 0.001) and reduced stiffness parameter (SP-A1, p  < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that five parameters (HC-time, p  < 0.001; PD, p  < 0.001; DA-Max, p  = 0.001; WEM-Max, p  < 0.001; and SP-A1, p  < 0.001) of Corvis ST were significantly correlated with AL, and one parameter (Corvis biomechanical index, p  = 0.016) has significant relationship with SE. With the increase of myopia, significant changes in several corneal biomechanical parameters indicated a progressive decrease in corneal stiffness, independent of bIOP and CCT. Corneal biomechanical parameters may be predictors of scleral mechanical strength in high myopia, which has certain application value in clinical management of myopia.

To investigate the difference in the retinal refraction difference value (RDV) using multispectral refractive topography (MRT). Ninety myopic participants, who met the enrolment requirements, were examined with an automatic optometer after mydriasis. According to the value of the spherical equivalent (SE), the participants were divided into Emmetropia group (E, +0.5D < SE < -0.5D), Low Myopia (LM, -0.5D < SE ≤ -3D), and Moderate and high Myopia (MM, -3D < SE ≤ -10D). The ocular biological parameters were detected by optical biometrics (Lenstar 900, Switzerland), including axial length (AL), lens thickness (LT), and keratometry (K1, K2). Furthermore, the MRT was used to measure the retinal RDV at three concentric areas, with 15-degree intervals from fovea into 45 degrees (RDV-15, RDV 15-30, and RDV 30-45), and four sectors, including RDV-S (RDV-Superior), RDV-I (RDV-Inferior), RDV-T (RDV-Temporal), and RDV-N (RDV-Nasal). In the range of RDV-15, there was a significant difference in the value of RDV-15 between Group E (-0.007 ± 0.148) . Group LM (-0.212 ± 0.399), and Group E . Group MM (0.019 ± 0.106) ( < 0.05); In the range of RDV 15-30, there was a significant difference in the value of RDV 15-30 between Group E (0.114 ± 0.219) . Group LM (-0.106 ± 0.332), and Group LM . Group MM (0.177 ± 0.209; < 0.05); In the range of RDV 30-45, there was a significant difference in the value of RDV 30-45 between Group E (0.366 ± 0.339) . Group LM (0.461 ± 0.304), and Group E . Group MM (0.845 ± 0.415; < 0.05); In the RDV-S position, there was a significant difference in the value of RDV-S between Group LM (-0.038 ± 0.636) and Group MM (0.526 ± 0.540) ( < 0.05); In the RDV-I position, there was a significant difference in the value of RDV-I between Group E (0.276 ± 0.530) . Group LM (0.594 ± 0.513), and Group E . Group MM (0.679 ± 0.589; < 0.05). In the RDV-T position, there was no significant difference in the value of RDV-T among the three groups. In the RDV-N position, there was a significant difference in the value of RDV-N between Group E (0.352 ± 0.623) . Group LM (0.464 ± 0.724), and Group E vs. Group MM (1.078 ± 0.627; < 0.05). The RDV analysis in all directions among the three groups showed a significant difference between RDV-S and RDV-I in Group LM ( < 0.05). Moreover, the correlation analysis showed that SE negatively correlated with AL, RDV 30-45, RDV-S, RDV-I, and RDV-N. In this study, there was a significant difference in the value of RDV among Group E, Group LM, and Group MM, and the value of RDV in Group MM was the highest on the whole. In the range of RDV 30-45, there was a growing trend with the increase in the degree of myopia among the three groups. Furthermore, the SE negatively correlated with AL, RDV 30-45, RDV-S, RDV-I, and RDV-N.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of educational pressure on myopia. A less-intense school curriculum was introduced nationally in Japan beginning in 2012 based on a pressure-free education policy. In this retrospective observational study, a total of 1025 Japanese medical students of Asahikawa Medical University underwent measurements of the cycloplegic refractive error and axial length (AL), from 2011 to 2020. The spherical equivalent (SE) and AL were correlated significantly with the fiscal year of births (p = 0.004 and p = 0.034, respectively) only during enforcement of the system of high-pressure education. The SE and AL regression rates during the two educational approaches differed significantly (p = 0.004 and p = 0.037, respectively). The prevalence of high myopia was correlated significantly (p < 0.001) only during the system of high-pressure education. The regression of the prevalence rate of high myopia during the two education approaches differed significantly (p = 0.010). The progression rates of myopia and increased prevalence of high myopia were observed only during high-pressure education, suggesting that not only ophthalmologists but also educators and the government should work on together to control the progression of myopia.

Refractive errors are the second and third leading cause of visual impairment and blindness in Ethiopia, respectively. The situation is worse where accessing spectacles, which are the only management option in developing countries, is a major issue. Gondar University Hospital Tertiary Eye Care and Training Center is the only referral eye care center, and it lacks published evidence on the prevalence and degrees of refractive errors (myopia and hyperopia). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and degrees of myopia and hyperopia at Gondar University Tertiary Eye Care and Training Center. Records of 1,921 patients presented to refraction service at Gondar University Hospital Tertiary Eye Care and Training Center from January 2010 to January 2014 were reviewed. All cases of refractive errors (with visual improvement of at least one line) were converted into spherical equivalents (SE = sphere + ½ cylinder). Myopia was defined as SE ≤ -0.25 D and hyperopia ≥ +0.25 D. The study comprised of 61.1% males and 38.9% females; the patients had an average age of 40±17 years. The overall prevalence of refractive errors (myopia and hyperopia) was 76.3% (95% confidence interval: 75%-77%). Myopia was present in 34.5% patients and hyperopia in 38.3%. Low-degree hyperopia (86%) and low-degree myopia (49.5%) were the most frequent refractive errors. Myopia and hyperopia are major reasons for patients to visit Gondar University Hospital Tertiary Eye Care and Training Center. Low-degree myopia and hyperopia were the most common refractive errors. Stocking appropriate power lenses is needed at this tertiary eye care center in order to alleviate this problem in Ethiopia.

本研究探討國中生的看電視時間變化與學習成就對於近視度數的影響，以基隆市國中生學習狀況資料庫的四學期追蹤3,487名學生資料，經由單因子重複量數的變異數分析、迴歸分析與潛在成長模式分析顯示：國中生在四學期的放學後看電視時間，不同學期之間呈現波浪狀，七年級與八年級下學期及九年級上學期看電視時間明顯高於八年級上學期。七年級看電視對於近視度數有正向顯著影響，然而四學期看電視時間變化對於近視度數沒有明顯影響。七年級生放學後看電視時間愈多，學習成就愈差；在四學期放學後的看電視時間愈多，學習成就愈不好。國中生的學習成就愈好，近視度數愈高。七年級放學後看電視時間，透過學習成就對近視度數的影響，具有負向的部分中介效果，然而四學期放學後看電視時間變化，透過學習成就對近視度數的影響沒有中介效果。學生看電視時間愈多，學習成就愈差；課業表現愈好，近視度數愈高；然而看電視時間變化對近視度數沒有明顯影響。學校、教師及家長應注意學生看電視時間、課業與近視度數之關係，避免學生課業負擔，使得近視度數增加。

Background Myopia has become a worldwide problem that endangers public health and adds a serious socioeconomic burden. Current research has focused on the pathogenesis and manifestations of pathological myopia (PM). However, few studies have been conducted on the spontaneous activity of the patient's brain. Purpose To study the potential brain network activity in patients with PM by the degree centrality (DC) method. Materials and Methods This experiment included 15 PM patients and 15 healthy controls (HCs). Every participant experienced a resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) scan. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to distinguish between PM patients and HCs. Correlation analysis was used to explore the relationships between mean DC values and clinical performance in different brain regions. Results It showed that patients with PM had lower DC values in the right fusiform gyrus (FR) and right cingulate (CAR). The ROC curve was used to indicate the accuracy of the correlation. It showed that in PM group, left best corrected visual acuity (BCVA‐L) and right best corrected visual acuity (BCVA‐R) were negatively correlated with the DC value of FR. Conclusion The occurrence of PM is mainly related to the abnormal activity of the fusiform and cingulum. DC value might be used as a biological marker of abnormal brain activity in PM patients. The occurrence of pathological myopia (PM) is mainly related to the abnormal activity of the fusiform and cingulum. Degree centrality value might be used as a biological marker of abnormal brain activity in PM patients.

Purpose To explore the impact of refractive status on presbyopia progression among patients with presbyopia. Methods This retrospective observational study included patients with presbyopia who visited the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and Shenzhen Polytechnic Medical College between May 2018 and August 2022. The amplitude of accommodation (AMP) and near addition power (ADD) at 6 months and 1 year were collected. Results A total of 103 patients with presbyopia were included in this study: 42 patients with myopia, 23 patients with emmetropia, and 38 patients with hyperopia. There were significant differences in ΔAMP (6-month) and ΔADD (6-month) among patients with different refractive statuses, and the values of emmetropic patients and hyperopic patients were higher than in myopic patients (all P  < 0.001). The ΔAMP (1-year) and ΔADD (1-year) of hyperopic patients were significantly higher than in emmetropic patients and myopic patients (all P  < 0.001). The ΔADD (1-year) of emmetropic patients was greater than in myopic patients ( P  = 0.045), but there were no significant differences in ΔAMP (1-year) between patients with emmetropia and myopia ( P  = 0.090). Conclusions The progression of presbyopia in hyperopic patients was relatively more significant than for emmetropia, followed by myopia. The prescription of presbyopia glasses might need to be replaced more frequently in patients with hyperopia.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential changes in the choroidal thickness (CT) after surgical implantation of collamer lens (ICL) and to determine whether the variations in CT were associated with the degree of myopia. In the study, 98 eyes from 98 myopia patients were divided into two groups according to the degree of myopia: High myopia and super-high myopia. All eyes were measured using the swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) technique. CT and CT variations were also recorded. The foveal CT increased significantly in high-myopia patients at 2 h after surgery and 3 months after surgery; the same tendency was observed in the inner nasal CT and outer nasal CT at the same time-points. In patients with super-high myopia, the subfoveal CT increased significantly at 2 h and 3 months after surgery compared with the pre-operative values. No statistically significant differences were obtained in any of the nine different choroidal regions evaluated at post-operative week 1 and post-operative month one. Furthermore, the increase in the subfoveal CT in the super-myopia group was significantly higher than that in the high-myopia group at 2 h and at 3 months after ICL. The results of the present study indicated that the CT significantly increased 2 h after the surgery and then reached a peak at 3 months, particularly in the subfoveal and nasal areas. A higher degree of myopia was associated with greater subfoveal choroidal changes.

The choice of lens impacts the quality of vision, comfort, and overall eye health. By correcting vision problems such as astigmatism, nearsightedness, or farsightedness, the right lens can guarantee precise and clear vision. The multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) technique is a valuable method for data aggregation with accuracy. The central theme of this article is to develop novel aggregation operators (AOs) by giving a positive value called the priority degree under a strict priority level. We establish a novel MADM method based on an interval-valued t-spherical fuzzy set (IV-TSFS) framework and the Einstein AOs. First, we established Einstein t-norm (TNM) and t-conorm (TCNM) operations based on the IV-TSFS framework. Next, we proposed new prioritized AOs, such as IV-TSF Einstein prioritized weighted averaging (IV-TSFEPWA), IV-TSF Einstein prioritized ordered weighted averaging (IV-TSFEPOWA), IV-TSF Einstein prioritized hybrid weighted averaging (IV-TSFEPHWA), IV-TSF Einstein prioritized weighted geometric (IV-TSFEPWG), IV-TSF Einstein prioritized ordered weighted geometric (IV-TSFEPOWG), and IV-TSF Einstein prioritized hybrid weighted geometric (IV-TSFEPHWG). Some essential axioms, such as boundedness, idempotency, and monotonicity, were also discussed. Then, we developed the MADM algorithm based on the IV-TSFEPWA and IV-TSFEPWG operators, which was monitored through a real-life case study on the selection of optimal eye lens manufacturing companies based on prioritized evaluation criteria. Additionally, to validate the novelty of the established model, a comparative study with existing approach is also provided, highlighting the applicability of the established work. Ultimately, the practical implications of established AOs and solid conclusions will be discussed.

While prior research has examined macroeconomic drivers of corporate financialization, little is known about how top executives’ personal traits shape this phenomenon. Drawing on imprinting theory, this study investigates whether and how CEOs’ academic backgrounds influence corporate financialization. Using data from Chinese A-share non-financial listed companies (2010–2022), we employ multiple regression analyses to test the relationships and underlying mechanisms. The results show that CEOs with academic backgrounds significantly reduce corporate financialization, particularly in non-state-owned enterprises and firms with lower analyst coverage. Further analysis using a mediating effect model indicates that managerial myopia and physical capital investment partially mediate the relationship between CEOs’ academic backgrounds and corporate financialization. These findings fill an important gap in the literature by revealing a micro-level behavioral channel that complements macro-level explanations of financialization. The study extends imprinting theory by identifying academic experience as a distinctive managerial imprint that shapes ethical and long-term financial decision-making, and it provides practical implications for executive selection, governance improvement, and sustainable corporate development in emerging markets.