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Kr̥ṣinanmakaḷuṭe kāvalkkār
Brief sekches of five Indian organic farmers and their farming practices; with partial reference to Kerala.
Inhibitory Effects of Green Tea and (–)-Epigallocatechin Gallate on Transport by OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT1, OCT2, MATE1, MATE2-K and P-Glycoprotein
Green tea catechins inhibit the function of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) that mediate the uptake of a diverse group of drugs and endogenous compounds into cells. The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of green tea and its most abundant catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the transport activity of several drug transporters expressed in enterocytes, hepatocytes and renal proximal tubular cells such as OATPs, organic cation transporters (OCTs), multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs), and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Uptake of the typical substrates metformin for OCTs and MATEs and bromosulphophthalein (BSP) and atorvastatin for OATPs was measured in the absence and presence of a commercially available green tea and EGCG. Transcellular transport of digoxin, a typical substrate of P-gp, was measured over 4 hours in the absence and presence of green tea or EGCG in Caco-2 cell monolayers. OCT1-, OCT2-, MATE1- and MATE2-K-mediated metformin uptake was significantly reduced in the presence of green tea and EGCG (P < 0.05). BSP net uptake by OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 was inhibited by green tea [IC50 2.6% (v/v) and 0.39% (v/v), respectively]. Green tea also inhibited OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated atorvastatin net uptake with IC50 values of 1.9% (v/v) and 1.0% (v/v), respectively. Basolateral to apical transport of digoxin was significantly decreased in the presence of green tea and EGCG. These findings indicate that green tea and EGCG inhibit multiple drug transporters in vitro. Further studies are necessary to investigate the effects of green tea on prototoypical substrates of these transporters in humans, in particular on substrates of hepatic uptake transporters (e.g. statins) as well as on P-glycoprotein substrates.
Journal Article
Effects of long-term application of organic materials on soil water extractable organic matter, fulvic acid, humic acid structure and microbial driving mechanisms
Aims
Long-term application of organic materials has been shown to significantly enhance the content of soil organic matter (SOM), underscoring the critical need to examine the components of soil organic carbon for a deeper understanding of SOM functionalities. Thus, the structural changes and microbial driving mechanisms of water extractable organic matter (WEOM), fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) were investigated in black soil by a long-term fertilization experiment.
Methods
This 33-year experiment comprises five treatments: no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer (NPK), chemical fertilizer with low-rate straw (NPKJ1), chemical fertilizer with high-rate straw (NPKJ2), and chemical fertilizer with organic manure (NPKM). We also conducted a detailed study of WEOM, FA, HA, and the microbial community structure in both the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers.
Results
Our findings indicate that organic material application primarily sourced WEOM, FA, and HA from microbial metabolism and plant-derived origins, exhibiting humus and aromatization characteristics with high molecular weight. WEOM was rich in fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like compounds, while FA and HA contained more protein-like components. Organic material use altered WEOM, FA, and HA structures by impacting soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and fungal/bacterial biomass. In 0–20 cm soil layer, SOM content was mainly influenced by humus, especially the HA fraction, whereas in 20–40 cm soil layer, it was predominantly affected by WEOM.
Conclusions
The present study emphasizes that the application of organic materials can influence the structure of microbial communities, thereby affecting the composition of WEOM, FA, and HA, consequently influencing the organic matter content in different soil layers.
Journal Article
A phosphotyrosine switch regulates organic cation transporters
Membrane transporters are key determinants of therapeutic outcomes. They regulate systemic and cellular drug levels influencing efficacy as well as toxicities. Here we report a unique phosphorylation-dependent interaction between drug transporters and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which has uncovered widespread phosphotyrosine-mediated regulation of drug transporters. We initially found that organic cation transporters (OCTs), uptake carriers of metformin and oxaliplatin, were inhibited by several clinically used TKIs. Mechanistic studies showed that these TKIs inhibit the Src family kinase Yes1, which was found to be essential for OCT2 tyrosine phosphorylation and function. Yes1 inhibition
in vivo
diminished OCT2 activity, significantly mitigating oxaliplatin-induced acute sensory neuropathy. Along with OCT2, other SLC-family drug transporters are potentially part of an extensive ‘transporter-phosphoproteome’ with unique susceptibility to TKIs. On the basis of these findings we propose that TKIs, an important and rapidly expanding class of therapeutics, can functionally modulate pharmacologically important proteins by inhibiting protein kinases essential for their post-translational regulation.
Organic cation transporters are important drug transporters that influence therapeutic outcomes. Here, the authors find that these transporters are regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation and propose that tyrosine kinase inhibitors can influence drug transporter function through post-translational mechanisms.
Journal Article
Organic food
In recent years, more and more people have taken an interest in finding out where their food comes from. As a result, demand for quality organic food has increased. Readers will learn what sets organic food apart from other food and what benefits it offers. They will also find out why organic food costs more and what other drawbacks there are to going organic.
Book
Domino reactions : concepts for efficient organic synthesis
The follow-up to the successful \"Domino Reaction in Organic Synthesis\", this ready reference brings up to date on the original concept. The chapters have been arranged according to the name of well-known transformations of the first step and in combination with the formed products. Each chapter is written by an internationally renowned expert, and the book is edited by L. F. Tietze, who established the concept of domino reactions.
The one-stop source for all synthetic chemists to improve the synthetic efficiency and allow an ecologically and economically beneficial preparation of every chemical compound.
eBook
Organic chemistry I for dummies
\"Clear explanations of organic chemistry principles; logical approaches to solving organic chemistry problems; tips to help you ace your Organic Chemistry I course\"--Cover.
Book
Flux synthesis of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous polymers constructed from organic building blocks into ordered two- or three-dimensional networks through dynamic covalent bonds. Attributed to their high porosity, well-defined structure, tailored functionality and excellent chemical stability, COFs have been considered ideal sorbents for various separation applications. The synthesis of COFs mainly employs the solvothermal method, which usually requires organic solvents in sealed Pyrex tubes, resulting in unscalable powdery products and environmental pollution that seriously limits their practical applications. Herein, our protocol focuses on an emerging synthesis method for COFs based on organic flux synthesis without adding solvents. The generality of this synthesis protocol has been applied in preparing various types of COFs, including olefin-linked, imide-linked, Schiff-based COFs on both gram and kilogram scales. Furthermore, organic flux synthesis avoids the disadvantages of solvothermal synthesis and enhances the crystallization and porosity of COFs. Typically, COF synthesis takes 3–5 d to complete, and subsequent washing procedures leading to pure COFs need 1 d. The procedure for kilogram-scale production of COFs with commercially available monomers is also provided. The resulting COFs are suitable for separation applications, particularly as adsorbent materials for industrial gas separation and water treatment applications. The protocol is suited for users with prior expertise in the synthesis of inorganic materials and porous organic materials.
Key points
This protocol describes a flux synthesis approach for two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs).
Compared with other approaches, the method described here does not use solvents, making it environmentally friendly, and is scalable up to the kilogram scale. In addition, high-quality COF monoliths can be generated rather than powdery products, and COFs prepared by this protocol usually possess higher crystallinity and BET surface area than those prepared by traditional solvothermal methods.
This protocol describes a flux synthesis approach for two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks. Compared with other approaches, this method does not use solvents, making it environmentally friendly, and is scalable up to the kilogram scale.
Journal Article