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Symbolism and symbolic representation serve as mechanisms for ambiguity creation, deepening meaning, engaging the reader in meaning-making, and transitioning from monosemy to polysemy. The advent of modernity, exposure to Western poetic movements—particularly Symbolism—and the oppressive sociopolitical atmosphere following the Constitutional Revolution have significantly influenced both the quantitative and qualitative transformation of symbols in Persian poetry. The interrelation and synergy of symbols, as well as the discovery of their structural connections through the extraction of \"macro-symbols\" and \"organic symbols\", provide novel methodologies for understanding the role of symbolism in contemporary Persian poetry. This study uses a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the structural relationships of symbols and symbolic networks within the poetry of Mohammad Saeed Mirzaei, identifying them as the most significant stylistic component of his literary expression. Through theoretical discussions and the extraction of micro-symbols (as fundamental quantitative units), the research delves into macro-symbols and organic symbols as structural symbolic networks in Mirzaei’s ghazals. The findings indicate that Mirzaei’s poetic symbols achieve meaning through systematic interconnections, wherein the interplay between organic and macro-symbols predominates. That is, the poet strategically positions recurrent macro-symbols at the core of one or multiple ghazals, utilizing them as organic symbols.    Keywords: Symbol, Symbolic Networks, Organic Symbol, Macro-symbol, Mohammad Saeed Mirzaei.     Introduction This research examines the symbolic structures within the poetry of Mohammad Saeed Mirzaei, a prominent neo-ghazal poet of the 1990s. The objective is a systematic analysis of the symbols and uncovering their interrelated patterns throughout his poetry. The scope of the study includes an investigation into the types of symbols employed, the organic structure of symbols within the ghazal, and their network formation across Mirzaei’s poetic compositions.  The primary research question concerns how symbols interact within Mirzaei’s poetry to create a cohesive and meaningful network, and how these structural connections contribute to the comprehension of the deeper semantic layers of his poetry. A thorough examination of the symbolic system within neo-ghazal poetry and the presentation of a precise framework for its analysis are among the core objectives of this study.  While extensive prior research has addressed the role of symbolism in Persian poetry, fewer studies have explored the symbolic networks and their structural relationships in literary texts. Works by Baraheni (2001) and Fotouhi (2006, 2008) in this field serve as foundational references for the present analysis.  The four research questions of the study include:  What connections exist among symbols in Mirzaei’s poetry? Can an organic and structured symbolic system be identified within a single ghazal? Which symbols can be considered the dominant macro-symbols of his poetry? What symbolic networks emerge within his poetry? This study is based on the premise that the symbols employed in Mirzaei’s poetry exhibit structured and meaningful interrelationships, and that their analysis facilitates the identification of symbolic connections and semantic frameworks within his poetic compositions. Additionally, the study addresses the evolution of symbolism in neo-ghazal poetry, providing a comparative perspective on stylistic patterns in contemporary Persian poetry.    Materials and Methods This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the symbolic structure in Mohammad Saeed Mirzaei’s poetry. The study is based on a content analysis of the collection Ghazal-e Hezareh-ye Digar, comprising 71 ghazals, conducted through library-based research methods.  The structural analysis of symbols employs an inductive methodology. Initially, micro-symbols are extracted as foundational elements, enabling the identification of macro-symbols and organic symbols. Macro-symbols, due to their high frequency and broad semantic extension in Mirzaei’s poetry, play a pivotal role in his stylistic identity. Conversely, organic symbols emerge within the framework of a single ghazal and, through interaction with other imagery, contribute to the deepening of semantic layers.  The study is centered on two primary analytical axes:  Analysis of Macro-Symbols: Identification of symbols that frequently appear in Mirzaei’s poetry and transcend conventional lexical usage. Examination of Organic Symbols: Analysis of symbolic networks that develop within a single ghazal, influencing the overall semantic framework of the composition. The methodology involves a systematic extraction of symbols, their classification, and the examination of structural relationships among them. Utilizing textual analysis models, this research explores symbolic interactions across different poetic levels, with particular emphasis on ghazals where organic symbolic interconnections are more pronounced.    Research Findings The study aims to explore the symbolic system in Mohammad Saeed Mirzaei’s ghazals by analyzing linguistic data to extract semantic networks of symbols. The symbols used in his poetry primarily fall into two categories: human-related symbols and environmental symbols. Human-related symbols encompass tools, travel, locations, time references, characters, and cultural elements, which are highly prevalent in Mirzaei’s poetry. This reflects the poet’s focus on urban spaces and the psychological dimensions of contemporary life. Objects such as mirrors, chairs, tables, windows, and umbrellas play a central role in shaping themes of identity, memory, anticipation, and existential exploration. Additionally, travel and associated elements such as trains, roads, stations, and bridges symbolize movement, transformation, and the desire to escape environmental constraints.  Conversely, environmental symbols include natural phenomena, animals, plants, and celestial bodies. Frequently recurring elements such as clouds, wind, rain, the sea, and stones symbolize themes of impermanence, longing, sorrow, and hope. Unlike traditional Persian poetry, fish in Mirzaei’s works is employed as a metaphor for the modern individual and their social conditions.  Another significant finding is the role of organic symbols in Mirzaei’s poetry. These symbols function as central thematic pillars within a ghazal, shaping surrounding imagery. Examples such as windows, travel, clouds, and tables form intricate symbolic networks that enhance semantic depth and influence interpretative frameworks.    Discussion of Results and Conclusions The findings of the study indicate that symbols in Mohammad Saeed Mirzaei’s poetry attain meaning through macro-symbolic and organic interconnections rather than as isolated and fragmented elements.  Dominant symbols include mirrors, travel, windows, fish, and chairs, which, when interacting with other poetic elements, construct intricate symbolic networks. Windows and travel represent aspirations for liberation and transformation, whereas mirrors and chairs reflect introspection and mental constraints. Additionally, natural and cosmic symbols such as clouds, rain, stars, and night significantly contribute to the emotional and philosophical dimensions of his poetry.  From a Jungian psychological perspective, Mirzaei’s symbolism embodies an unconscious interplay between confinement and freedom, stillness and movement, past and future. The interconnections among objects and situations underscore the stylistic coherence of his poetic vision.

This chapter contains sections titled: References and Further Reading

The Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (T-OAE) is recorded by the presence of globally distributed marine organic carbon–rich black shales and a negative carbon isotope shift, with δ13Corg values as low as −33‰, interrupting an overarching positive excursion. Here we present new biostratigraphic data and high-resolution δ13Corg data from two Southern Hemisphere localities: Arroyo Serrucho in the north and Arroyo Lapa in the south of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Previous studies at these localities aimed to provide an accurate numerical age for the T-OAE and characterization of its carbon isotope stratigraphy. The new carbon isotope data and ammonite biostratigraphy presented here from Arroyo Serrucho show the T-OAE to be recorded lower in the section than supposed by previous authors, thus calling into question the published age of the T-OAE in this section. A newly investigated exposure at Arroyo Lapa North shows a complex carbon isotope record with at least three high-amplitude fluctuations in the hoelderi zone (equivalent to the serpentinum zone in northwestern Europe), with δ13Corg values of <−28‰, and two intervening positive isotope excursions, with δ13Corg values around −24‰. At Arroyo Lapa South, the characteristic major stepped negative carbon isotope excursion is recorded, with δ13Corg values of <−30‰ and total organic-carbon contents increasing to 11%; above this level an erosional surface of a submarine channel truncates the section. These new data are globally correlative and unambiguously illustrate the global reach of the T-OAE.

Most category studies have focused on established categories with discrete boundaries. These studies not only beg the question of how a de novo category arises, but also upon what institutional material actors draw to create a de novo category. We examine the formation and theorization of the de novo category “modern architecture” between 1870 and 1975. Our study shows that the process of new category formation was driven by groups of architects with distinct clientele associated with institutional logics of commerce, state, religion, and family. These architects enacted different artifact codes for a building based on institutional logics associated with their specific mix of clients. “Modern architects” fought over what logics and artifact codes should guide “modern architecture.” Modern functional architects espoused a logic of commerce enacted through a restricted artifact code of new materials in a building, whereas modern organic architects advocated transforming the profession's logic enacted through a flexible artifact code of mixing new and traditional materials in buildings. The conflict became a source of creative tension for modern architects that followed, who integrated aspects of both logics and materials in buildings, expanding the category boundary. Plural logics and category expansion resulted in multiple conflicting exemplars within “modern architecture” and enabled its adaptation to changing social forces and architectural interpretations for over 70 years.

A joint IUPAC/IUPAP Working Party (JWP) has confirmed the discovery of the elements with atomic numbers ( ) 113, 115, 117 and 118. In accordance with the 2016 IUPAC guideline for naming new elements, the discoverers were invited to propose names and symbols for the elements. Claims have been assigned to them and the following are proposed: (a) nihonium and symbol Nh, for the element with =113, (b) moscovium with the symbol Mc, for the element with =115, (c) tennessine with the symbol Ts, for the element with =117, and oganesson with the symbol Og, for the element with =118. After careful deliberation on these names and symbols, considering the 2016 rules and a public review period, the Inorganic Chemistry Division recommended these proposals for acceptance by the IUPAC Council.

The canine heartworm ( Dirofilaria immitis ) is a mosquito-borne parasitic nematode whose range is extending due to climate change. In a four-dimensional analysis involving HPLC, MALDI-TOF–MS and MS/MS in combination with chemical and enzymatic digestions, we here reveal an N-glycome of unprecedented complexity. We detect N-glycans of up to 7000 Da, which contain long fucosylated HexNAc-based repeats, as well as glucuronylated structures. While some modifications including LacdiNAc, chitobiose, α1,3-fucose and phosphorylcholine are familiar, anionic N-glycans have previously not been reported in nematodes. Glycan array data show that the neutral glycans are preferentially recognised by IgM in dog sera or by mannose binding lectin when antennal fucose and phosphorylcholine residues are removed; this pattern of reactivity is reversed for mammalian C-reactive protein, which can in turn be bound by the complement component C1q. Thereby, the N-glycans of D. immitis contain features which may either mediate immunomodulation of the host or confer the ability to avoid immune surveillance. The glycome of parasites can have immunomodulatory properties or help to avoid immune surveillance, but details are unknown. Here, Martini et al. characterize the N-glycome of the canine heartworm, reveal an unprecedented complexity, particularly in anionic N-glycans, and determine recognition by components of the immune system.

The field experiment was carried out during the fall season 2022 at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station (Mahatta). A affiliate To the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad /mural for a purpose A study of the effect of biochar, vermi compost, potassium silicate and its separator Perfusion on the physical and chemical properties of soil And the growth, yield and quality of the mash inthe soil. With a split split panel design Split-Split Plot Design The coefficients were distributed using RCBD with three replications And with three factors, the main factor Main plottwo levels (4 days and 6 days) and the tokens were given (W3 and W6) sequentially and the second factor, Sub plot, potassium silicate Two levels of focus(0 and 1%) and symbols were given (S1 and S2) sequentially and the third factor under the secondary - Sub plot Sub Compost It includes both (Biochar, fertilizerworm, comparison(0, 4, 4) (Mg e -1 and the symbols are given(B0, B1, and B2) in sequence The mung bean was cultivated in Soil with a silty mixture texture Measurements were taken after harvest And Results shown The level of biochar addition was significantly higher in Soil physical and chemical properties For each of the Weighted diameter, organic matter and exchange capacity cationic And nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil.

A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different levels of organic and mineral fertilizers and agricultural sulfur on availability of N,P and K in soil and their concentrations in potato tubers. The experiment was carried out in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, during 2021 by adding three levels of organic fertilizer (Poultry manure) 0, 5, and 10 Mg ha-1, and their symbols were OM0, OM1, and OM2, respectively. three levels of mineral fertilizer 0, 50 and 100% of the fertilizers recommendation, their symbols were C0, C1, and C2 respectively. three levels of agricultural sulfur 0, 1000, and 2000 kg ha-1, their symbols are S0, S1, and S2 respectively. Randomize complete block design was used with factorial experiment  using three replicates. The results showed an increase in soil of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with levels of organic, mineral fertilizers and agricultural sulfur. The results showed  that the treatment OM2S2C2 achieved the highest mean of 62.87, 35.62 and 313.24 mg for N,P and K kg-1 soil, respectively, compared to the control treatment OM0S0C0, which gave the lowest mean of 28.7, 9.3, 262.56 mg kg-1 soil for N,P and K, respectively. The results also showed an increase in the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in potato tubers. The treatment OM2S2C2 achieved the highest mean of 1.29, 0.47, 1.56 % for N,P and K, respectively, compared to the control treatment OM0S0C0, which gave the lowest mean of 0.99, 0.25, 1.02% for N,P and K, respectively.

Anomalously fractionated sulfur isotopes in many sedimentary rocks older than 2.4 billion years have been widely believed to be the products of ultraviolet photolysis of volcanic sulfur dioxide in an anoxic atmosphere. Our laboratory experiments have revealed that reduced-sulfur species produced by reactions between powders of amino acids and sulfate at 150° to 200°C possess anomalously fractionated sulfur isotopes: Δ³³S = +0.1 to +2.1 per mil and Δ³⁶S = -1.1 to +1.1 per mil. These results suggest that reactions between organic matter in sediments and sulfate-rich hydrothermal solutions may have produced anomalous sulfur isotope signatures in some sedimentary rocks. If so, the sulfur isotope record of sedimentary rocks may be linked to the biological and thermal evolution of Earth in ways different than previously thought.