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The Problems of Specification of Legal Principles in the Doctrine of the “Earlier” R. Dworkin
Introduction: the subject of the paper is the analysis of the concept of legal principles of the authoritative American jurist Ronald Dworkin, formulated by him in the essay “The Model of Rules” and formed the core of his initial challenge to the doctrine of legal positivism. The paper based on the general scientific and specific scientific methods pursues a dual goal – first, to systematize R. Dvorkin’s understanding of the specifics of legal principles and their consequences for the criticism of positivism, and second, to assess the potential of the author’s considered ideas outside of American-British law. Results: the paper summarizes the proposed R. Dworkin’s interpretation of legal principles as standards that differ from legal rules in terms of “logical and regulatory” parameters, the grounds for legalizing and significance in judicial justification, and also shows the connection of this interpretation with the negation of the key ideas of positivism. At the same time, it is noted both an unconventional view of R. Dworkin for the domestic jurisprudence and legal practice, the otherness of the criteria for understanding and specification of legal principles, and the insufficiency of a number of the author’s statements. Conclusions: on the one hand, the paper states the “weakness” of the arguments of R. Dworkin’s explanation of the grounds for legalizing the principles and their strict opposition to the rules; on the other hand, it emphasizes the value of these arguments for explaining the “weight” of the principles and conflicts between them, for understanding the procedures for restricting the fundamental rights, etc., which makes it necessary and possible to further develop the concept of the American jurist, including taking into account the experience of continental and Russian law.
Journal Article
Uncovering the Associations of Research Paradigms and Methods with Theoretical Contribution Types
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolving landscape of information security research from 2015 to 2022. Through a detailed examination of 193 articles, we identify the prevailing research paradigms and methods that correspond to different types of theoretical contributions. Specifically, we categorize theoretical contributions into theory building (i.e., theory builder, refiner, and theory-NA) and theory testing (i.e., tester and non-tester). Our findings reveal that while 72.6% of information security studies’ theoretical contributions fall into the category of “refiner,” which extends existing theories, only 9.3% of information security studies provided significant theoretical contributions as “builder.” These “builder” studies predominantly adopted positivism and interpretivism paradigms, using methods such as surveys, lab experiments, and field studies. In contrast, both “refiner” and “tester” studies primarily adopted a positivist perspective, with lab experiments, surveys, and case studies being the preferred methods. By mapping out these patterns and trends, our review extends beyond the scope of existing literature, which typically concentrates on specific domains. In the rapidly evolving domain of information security, this study enriches our understanding of current research dynamics and offers pathways for future inquiries to align the choice of research paradigms and methods with the desired type of theoretical contributions.
Journal Article
The Vienna Circle
A member of the elite group who helped forge the logical positivism movement delves into the intellectual world of early-twentieth-century Vienna.Drawing together some of the greatest minds in Europe during the 1920s and 30s, the Vienna Circle had a profound influence on contemporary science and philosophy.
eBook
The worlds of positivism : a global intellectual history, 1770-1930
This book is the first to trace the origins and significance of positivism on a global scale. Taking their cues from Auguste Comte and John Stuart Mill, positivists pioneered a universal, experience-based culture of scientific inquiry for studying nature and society?a new science that would enlighten all of humankind. Positivists envisaged one world united by science, but their efforts spawned many. Uncovering these worlds of positivism, the volume ranges from India, the Ottoman Empire, and the Iberian Peninsula to Central Europe, Russia, and Brazil, examining positivism?s impact as one of the most far-reaching intellectual movements of the modern world. Positivists reinvented science, claiming it to be distinct from and superior to the humanities. They predicated political governance on their refashioned science of society, and as political activists, they sought and often failed to reconcile their universalism with the values of multiculturalism. Providing a genealogy of scientific governance that is sorely needed in an age of post-truth politics, this volume breaks new ground in the fields of intellectual and global history, the history of science, and philosophy.
Book
Criminología y positivismo. Enlazamiento para la organización social
Esos momentos están acompañados de etapas de construcción del conocimiento, donde pasa por la percepción y autodescripción basado en sí mismo o los conocimientos previos, para luego ir avanzando en la comprensión hasta llegar al punto en el que se tiene contacto directo con lo que se quiere conocer. De inicio, así como Darwin en las especies animales, Lombroso distinguió en la especie humana, la competencia entre hombres y mujeres, niños y adultos, blancos y negros, donde la jerarquía auguraba la supremacía sobre otros, por ello se refería a una antropología (Narváes 2005). Por otra parte, la adaptación del método positivo al estudio criminal derivó en la observación y experiencia, así los primeros positivistas criminólogos que miran al delincuente y el entorno que le circunda para comprender sus motivos, le llamaron \"método experimental\" por tener objetos de estudio observables, estadísticos y frontales, no aislados, sino casos sobre los que sostenían la construcción del conocimiento (Galfione 2012). A pesar que hace poco más de 100 años a través de Porfirio Díaz se introdujo el positivismo en México (Núñez Carpizo, 2010, p. 370), estamos en un momento de involución, con descontrol en muchos aspectos de la vida, donde la educación popular o vulgar es predominante, alejándonos del conocimiento científico, sistemático y comprensible, que nos permita salir del individualismo y unirnos al interés colectivo de progresar de manera ordenada.
Journal Article
Morality and the nature of law
Morality and the Nature of Law explores the conceptual relationship between morality and the criteria that determine what counts as law in a given society the criteria of legal validity. Is it necessary condition for a legal system to include moral criteria of legal validity? Is it even possible for a legal system to have moral criteria of legal validity? The book considers the views of natural law theorists ranging from Blackstone to working and rejects them, arguing that it is not conceptually necessary that the criteria of legal validity include moral norms. Further, it rejects the exclusive positivist view, arguing instead that it is conceptually possible for the criteria of validity to include moral norms. In the process of considering such questions, this book considers Raz's views concerning the nature of authority and Shapiro's views about the guidance function of law, which have been thought to repudiate the conceptual possibility of moral criteria of legal validity. The book, then, articulates a thought experiment that shows that it is possible for a legal system to have such criteria and concludes with a chapter that argues that any legal system, like that of the United States, which affords final authority over the content of the law to judges who are fallible with respect to the requirements of morality is a legal system with purely source-based criteria of validity.
Book
META-INTERPRETIVE QUESTIONS AND THE AIMS OF THEORIES OF INTERPRETATION: BEYOND THE REMEDIAL ANSWER
\"15 Because plain meaning runs out, the law (legal content, the legal norms that follow from a legal source) runs out too.16 \"Insofar as the text's plain meaning cannot resolve a case, there is no legally correct answer to what the text requires in that case. [...]they could entail proposals of change to the rule of recognition.21 These inquiries lead to additional answers to the meta-interpretive questions, alongside Watson's remedial answer. If the norm derived from the legal source corresponds to actual legal content produced by an actual legal source-its \"contribution to the law\"-it is a legal norm.27 As mentioned above, Watson believes that rules of recognition do not only identify legal sources, but also \"play a role\" in \"how legal texts . . . contribute to the law\"28 and that rules of recognition in the United States adopt the \"criterion that a legal text's clear communicative content- or . . . its 'plain meaning'-fully determines its contribution to the law. Legal interpretation typically takes place in the context of a practical activity, such as deciding cases, adopting regulations, passing legislation, or drafting a contract.31 These activities may require settling on an applicable norm precise enough to address the needs of the situation, even when legal content runs out.
Journal Article