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Potassium silicate is an essential fertilizer for the optimum growth and yield of many silica-accumulating crops. Research on producing LPS from agro-industrial wastes is limited. This study investigated the effects of re-ashing pretreatment, potassium hydroxide (KOH) concentration, and extraction time on the yield and properties of liquid potassium silicate (LPS) from palm oil mill boiler ash (POMBA), assessing its potential as a liquid fertilizer. POMBA, with or without re-ashing pretreatment, was extracted using KOH to determine the necessity of re-ashing. The selected raw material was extracted with varying KOH concentrations (6%, 8%, 10%) and extraction times (60, 90, 120min). Extraction of POMBA with re-ashing pretreatment, 6% KOH, and 120min extraction time significantly produced LPS with the highest available SiO 2 concentration (18.50%) (p<0.05) and a 12.98% yield. This available SiO 2 concentration was comparable to that of commercial liquid silica fertilizer (20.71%). The LPS produced also contained 19.22% total potassium (as K 2 O). The properties of POMBA-derived LPS met the Indonesian minimum technical requirements for liquid compound fertilizers, highlighting the significant potential of POMBA as a cost-effective and sustainable source of liquid fertilizer.

Chitosan and collagen are natural polymers widely used in biomaterials science; however, their inherent low stability and solubility present several challenges to obtain formulations suitable for potential clinical applications. In this study, tannic acid (TA) was employed as a cross-linker to improve the properties of thin films made from chitosan and collagen. In addition, potassium silicate (PS) was added as an inorganic filler, to produce innovative biocomposite films. The impact of TA and PS on physicochemical (i.e., material homogeneity, surface free energy, degradation, and stability roughness of surface), antioxidant, hemocompatibility, as well as cellular responses was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of TA significantly enhanced the physicochemical properties of the chitosan/collagen-based films. The addition of 5% PS resulted in an increase in surface free energy and a decrease in roughness parameters. Furthermore, both surface free energy and cellular responses improved with the increased TA concentration in the biocomposite firms. Meanwhile, the hemolysis rate remained below 5%, indicating the potential suitability of these materials for medical applications, such as coatings or scaffolds for bone or skin wound healing.

The decline of soil nutrient status and productivity of crops, and restoration of soil health is a key global concern. Crop yields are reduced by soil degradation, which endangers the world's food supply. Crop yields and soil health are further decreased by improper fertilizers use in conjunction with intense cropping. A wide variety of plants, particularly monocotyledonous crops can collect significant levels of silicon in their organs showing the benefits of silicon in terms of growth, biomass, and yield, whereas most dicots are unable to accumulate enough Si under their epidermal system. In the present investigation, treatment of applying silica solubilizer at a rate of 12.5 kg with 50 kg FYM/ha in soil with sett treatment of 0.5% K 2 SiO 3 ,2.5% urea and potash foliar spray in a specified time showed a significant result in all the growth and yield parameters tested when plant and its ratoon were in drought condition.

A field experiment was conducted using a pot that included a study of the effect of using Potassium Silicate and Novo safe against the wheat galls disease (Anguina tritici) on Sham 6 wheat. The results of the study showed that the treatment of PS and NS improved plant vegetative parameters and increased productivity. It also reduced nematode infection. The (NS + PS)2 treatment showed the highest average for plant high 65.26 cm, compared with Control treatment 49.66 cm. The (NS + PS)2 treatment also recorded a significant difference in leaf area recorded 33.99 cm2, compared with CT 26.29 cm2. The (NS + PS)2 treatment and the PS2 treatment recorded the highest average for 1000 grain weight, which recorded 39.66 and 39.73 g, respectively, compared with CT treatment, which recorded 14.16 g. The PS2 treatment, NS + PS 2 treatment and NS2 compound also recorded a reduction in infection standard, they recorded a significant difference for the average gall weight, which recorded 3.36, 3.43 and 3.93 gall/mg, respectively, compared with CT which recorded 6.25 gall/mg. PS2 treatment also recorded the lowest average for the percentage of spikes infection which recorded 61.53%, which differ significantly from the other treatments Except for the NS2 that didn’t record a difference, compared with CT which recorded the highest average spikes infection 85%. treatments of PS1, NS2, and (NS + PS)2 also achieved significant differences in the percentage of infected grains, recording 20.92, 22.34, 23.59, and 22.43%, respectively, compared with CT, which recorded 72.5%.

Drought stress is one of the most severe environmental stresses and is a significant contributor to yield reductions in agricultural crops. Several agronomic approaches are recommended by the researchers and later followed by the farmers to minimize the drastic effects of drought. However, the exogenous application of plant growth regulators in combination with mineral nutrients is a recent, innovative strategy to overcome the damaging effects of drought. Here, we report a study aimed at investigating the protective effects of exogenously applied silicon (using potassium silicate or K 2 Si 2 O 5 as a source) to improve drought tolerance in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) grown under field conditions. The present study was carried out at Agronomic Research Farm area, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. The experimental field was laid out in a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangements (RCBD-Split), and four repeats. The treatments included: T 0 (control, water spray), and T 1, T 2, T 3 i.e. foliar application of K 2 Si 2 O 5 solutions at the rate of 1, 2 and 3%, respectively. The results showed that drought stress significantly affected the wheat yield by decreasing chlorophyll- a (1.07), chlorophyll- b (0.49), total chlorophyll contents (1.62), flag leaf area (38.33 cm 2 ), plant height (100.17 cm), number of nodes per plant (3.91), tiller height (92.42), number of tillers m −2 (191.17), spike length (7.58 cm), number of spikes per plant (10.25), number of grains per spike (25.08), 1000-grain weight (36.66 g), total dry weight per plant (309.75 g), biological yield (23,424 kg/ha), and grain yield (4564.2 kg/ha). On the contrary, the foliar application of 2% K 2 Si 2 O 5 considerably reduced the drought-induced damages by enhancing the chlorophyll- a (1.21), chlorophyll- b (0.64), total chlorophyll contents (1.92), flag leaf area (45.25 cm 2 ), plant height (123.50 cm), number of nodes per plant (5.25), tiller height (99.42), number of tillers m −2 (276.26), spike length (12.92 cm), number of spikes per plant (14.25), number of grains per spike (38.33), 1000-grain weight (44.33 g), total dry weight per plant (385.00 g), biological yield (24,000 kg/ha), and grain yield (5074.8 kg/ha). These findings suggest that the exogenous application of K 2 Si 2 O 5 could be utilized as a rapid, easy and effective approach to reduce drought-induced damages on wheat yield.

In the fall of 2022 A.D., researchers in Salah al-Din Governorate’s Al-Dour district sprayed safflower plants with potassium silicates at varying concentrations and planted them at different times to see how the plants’ yield traits changed. The first of the two components of the experiment was a solution of potassium silicates in varying volumes (0, 200, and 400 ml). Using the symbols (B0, B1, and B2), the first part is the L -1 . Second, there are four separate planting dates, which make up the second component. The symbols (A1, A2, A3 and A4) stand for the dates 1/11, 15/11, 1/12 and 15/12, respectively. Findings showed that the binary interaction treatment B2A1, which included potassium silicate spraying and planting dates, yielded the best results in terms of disc diameter, total seed yield (2.6 cm), number of discs per plant (39), number of seeds per disc (31), weight of 1000 seeds (41 g), and tons per hectare (4.3 ton).

Sugarcane, a globally significant economic crop, depends on potassium (K) for critical processes such as photosynthesis and sugar translocation. This study explored the impacts of various foliar K supplements, including 2.5% w/v KCl, KNO 3 , K 2 SO 4 , and K 2 SiO 3 , alongside diluted molasses and vinasse (5 × dilution). The field experiment was conducted on sugarcane grown in soil with sufficient soil K levels, applying foliar solutions at 120 days at 2667 L/ha. The results indicated that combining soil chemical fertilizers with foliar K 2 SiO 3 and KNO 3 resulted in the highest yields of 155.19 and 154.81 tons/ha, respectively, significantly outperforming the foliar water combined with soil chemical fertilizers (132.81 tons/ha) and the control (no basal fertilizer with foliar water, at 130.67 tons/ha, P  ≤ 0.05). This enhancement is expected to result from the improvement in chlorophyll content and photosynthesis, enabled by timely K and nutrient acquisition, bypassing root transport. However, no significant differences were noted among the foliar K forms. Foliar K application also affected nutrient concentrations and uptake, with molasses showing the highest nutrient absorption in stalks: N (322 kg/ha), K (215 kg/ha), S (80.9 kg/ha), and Si (23.2 kg/ha) ( P  ≤ 0.05). These findings provide valuable insights and recommendations for utilizing foliar application of K 2 SiO 3 and KNO 3 to improve plant sugarcane yield, as well as employing molasses foliar application to enhance nutrient uptake in sugarcane cultivated in soils with adequate K.

This study examined effects of mineral fertilizers NPK, potassium silicate, and magnesium (Disper Mg) spraying on various vegetative growth characteristics and flowering of a one-year-old Wiener Charme rose cultivar. It was carried out in a lath house, Dept. of Hort. and Landscape, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Univ. Baghdad, Al-Jadriya during spring and autumn 2022 growing seasons. study experiment’s factors included three amounts of magnesium fertilizer treatments; 0 (M 0 ), 7.5(M 7.5 ), and 15 g.L -1 (M 15 ) were sprayed, addition of two levels of NPK mineral fertilizers without addition (C 0 ) and 5 g.transplant -1 (C 100 ), as well as three levels of potassium silicate; without addition (S0), adding at 200 mg.L -1 (S 200 ) plus 300 mg addition.L -1 (S 300 ). A total of 216 plants were employed in factorial experiment in an RCBD since treatments were replicated three times (with four plants in each experimental unit). The experimental results showed that, magnesium spray especially spraying at 15 g.L -1 excelled in leaf dry weight of 34.40 and 32.82 %, leaf magnesium content of 0.277 and 0.294 mg.kg -1 , leaf chlorophyll content of 27.74 and 30.46 mg.100g -1 , flower diameter of 7.14 and 8.25 cm and floral stem diameter of 4.63 and 5.78 mm for spring and autumn seasons, respectively. Chemical fertilizers at 5 g.L -1 (C 100 ) significantly increased in leaf dry weight of 34.28 and 32.80 %, leaf chlorophyll content of 26.07 and 28.01 mg.100g -1 , flower diameter of 7.11 and 8.02 cm and floral stem diameter of 4.49 and 5.54 mm, for spring and autumn seasons, respectively. Results also showed that potassium silicate application, showed significant effect especially adding at 300 mg.L -1 in leaf dry weight of 34.06 and 32.26 %, leaf magnesium content of 0.274 and 0.286 mg.kg -1 , leaf chlorophyll content of 27.65 and 30.92 mg.100g -1 , flower diameter of 7.24 and 8.23 cm and floral stem diameter of 4.39 and 5.89 mm for spring and autumn seasons, respectively. Twice and triple interactions between study factors significantly affected in all studied traits.

This study was conducted in one of the covered greenhouses in Saran affiliated to the College of Agriculture - University of Dhi Qar during the agricultural season 2022-2023 during the growth period on the Grand Nine banana seedlings, for the purpose of knowing the effect of Moringa extract and potassium silicate on its chemical properties, 48 plants were selected Homogeneous, 3-4 months old. The study included two factors, the first factor: spraying with Moringa leaf extract in four concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15) g L -1 , the second factor: spraying with potassium silicate in four concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3) ml L -1 , the date was The first is for spraying, with an interval of ten days between one spray and another, with a rate of 6 sprays. The experiment was applied according to C.R.D, with three repetitions. The results showed that the combination a3b3 (15 g L -1 X 3 ml L -1 ) was superior in most chemical properties (total chlorophyll concentration (2.40) mg in 100 g -1 , total soluble carbohydrates (27.00)%, nitrogen (28.90) mg g -1 , phosphorus (1.28) mg g -1 , potassium (19.60) mg g -1 , silicon (0.078) mg kg -1 , ascorbic acid (150.00) mg g -1 ), while proline was superior in the comparison treatment (a0×b0) as it gave (0.85) micrograms g -1 .

In reclaimed and poorly drained soils, combined salinity–waterlogging stress markedly inhibits the early vegetative growth of maize. In this study, maize seedlings at 12 days after sowing (DAS) were subjected to combined stress by immersing the entire root system in 200 mM NaCl for 7 d (stress; ST), then transferred to recovery conditions and supplied potassium at equivalent activity (5 mM K+; soil drench) as KH2PO4 (ST + K + P), K2SO4 (ST + K + S), and potassium silicate (ST + K + Si) at 0 and 5 days after treatment (DAT). Morphological traits, chlorophyll fluorescence, and gas-exchange parameters were measured at PreTR (immediately after stress termination), 5 DAT, and 10 DAT. Phytohormone, mineral nutrient profiles, oxidative stress markers and redox status, osmotic and metabolic parameters, and the expression patterns of key ion transport and stress-responsive genes were quantified at 0 and 10 DAT. The effects of K supplementation were evident across the growth- and photosynthesis-related indicators. Treatment groups (ST + K + Si, ST + K + S, and ST + K + P) exhibited significantly higher carbon fixation capacity than ST at 10 DAT. The Na/K ratio was also notably reduced in all K-supplemented groups, indicating that ionic homeostasis was restored with K supplementation through improvements in various stress response indicators such as phytohormones, osmotic adjustment, and antioxidant responses. The potassium- and silicon-treated group showed the greatest recovery effect, which may reflect the physiological characteristics of cereal species. Overall, these findings provide foundational data for the development of cultivation technology to expand the cultivation area of maize.