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The primate family tree : the amazing diversity of our closest relatives
\"The Primate Family Tree\" is a beautiful and comprehensive resource on the subject of our animal relatives: apes, monkeys and lemurs. Readers will learn an abundance of facts, review recent research and conservation efforts and discover the remarkable characteristics shared by all primates, including humans.
BOOK
The behavioral pharmacology of zolpidem: evidence for the functional significance of alpha 1-containing GABA sub(A) receptors
Rationale: Zolpidem is a positive allosteric modulator of gamma -aminobutyric acid (GABA) with preferential binding affinity and efficacy for alpha 1-subunit containing GABA sub(A) receptors ( alpha 1-GABA sub(A)Rs). Over the last three decades, a variety of animal models and experimental procedures have been used in an attempt to relate the behavioral profile of zolpidem and classic benzodiazepines (BZs) to their interaction with alpha 1-GABA sub(A)Rs. Objectives: This paper reviews the results of rodent and non-human primate studies that have evaluated the effects of zolpidem on motor behaviors, anxiety, memory, food and fluid intake, and electroencephalogram (EEG) sleep patterns. Also included are studies that examined zolpidem's discriminative, reinforcing, and anticonvulsant effects as well as behavioral signs of tolerance and withdrawal. Results: The literature reviewed indicates that alpha 1-GABA sub(A)Rs play a principle role in mediating the hypothermic, ataxic-like, locomotor- and memory-impairing effects of zolpidem and BZs. Evidence also suggests that alpha 1-GABA sub(A)Rs play partial roles in the hypnotic, EEG sleep, anticonvulsant effects, and anxiolytic-like of zolpidem and diazepam. These studies also indicate that alpha 1-GABA sub(A)Rs play a more prominent role in mediating the discriminative stimulus, reinforcing, hyperphagic, and withdrawal effects of zolpidem and BZs in primates than in rodents. Conclusions: The psychopharmacological data from both rodents and non-human primates suggest that zolpidem has a unique pharmacological profile when compared with classic BZs. The literature reviewed here provides an important framework for studying the role of different GABA sub(A)R subtypes in the behavioral effects of BZ-type drugs and helps guide the development of new pharmaceutical agents for disorders currently treated with BZ-type drugs.
Journal Article
OAT3-mediated extrusion of the super(99m)Tc-ECD metabolite in the mouse brain
After administration of the super(99m)Tc complex with N,N'-1,2-ethylenediylbis-L-cysteine diethyl ester ( super(99m)Tc-ECD), a brain perfusion imaging agent, the radioactive metabolite is trapped in primate brain, but not in mouse and rat. Here, we investigate the involvement of metabolite extrusion by organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3), which is highly expressed at the blood-brain barrier in mice, in this species difference. The efflux rate of radioactivity in the cerebrum of Oat3 super(-/-) mice at later phase was 20% of that of control mice. Thus, organic anion transporters in mouse brain would be involved in the low brain retention of radioactivity after super(99m)Tc-ECD administration.
Journal Article
Primates of the world : an illustrated guide
This stunningly illustrated guide to the world's primates covers nearly 300 species, from the feather-light and solitary pygmy mouse lemurs of Madagascar--among the smallest primates known to exist--to the regal mountain gorillas of Africa. Organized by region and spanning every family of primates on Earth, the book features 72 splendid color plates, facing-page descriptions of key features of each family, and 86 color distribution maps -- Source other than Library of Congress.
Book
Role of 5-HT sub(2C) receptors in the enhancement of c-Fos expression induced by a 5-HT sub(2B/2C) inverse agonist and 5-HT sub(2) agonists in the rat basal ganglia
Some non-selective serotonin2C (5-HT sub(2C)) agonists or inverse agonists enhance the product of the proto-oncogene c-Fos within the basal ganglia, a group of brain regions involved in motor behavior and in the ability of these drugs to promote abnormal movements. The role of 5-HT sub(2C) receptors in these effects is unclear. The 5-HT sub(2C) antagonist SB243,213 (1 mg/kg), which enhanced Fos per se in the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) only, was used to study the implication of 5-HT sub(2C) receptors. The agonists Ro 60-0175 (3 mg/kg) and m-CPP (1 mg/kg) and the inverse agonist SB206,553 (10 mg/kg) enhanced Fos expression in the STN and faintly in the entopeduncular nucleus (EPN, the internal globus pallidus in primate). The effects of these drugs differed mainly in the striatum regarding the magnitude (m-CPP > Ro 60-0175> SB243,213 > SB206,553) or the striatal quadrants (faint to no labeling in lateral striatum) and in the substantia nigra. None of these compounds enhanced Fos expression by themselves in the globus pallidus or in the EPN when combined with SB243,213. Their Fos effect in the STN was reduced significantly by SB243,213 only in the case of m-CPP. In the ventromedial striatum, SB243,213 reduced the effects of m-CPP while SB206,553 reduced the effects of SB243,213. The results show that opposite pharmacological agents alter similarly Fos expression in the EPN or the STN. Although some of the effects of 5-HT agents are related to targets other than 5-HT sub(2C) receptors, the study confirms the existence of multiple 5-HT sub(2C) receptor-dependent controls recruited by these drugs upon basal ganglia activity.
Journal Article
The enhanced oral response to the 5-HT sub(2) agonist Ro 60-0175 in parkinsonian rats involves the entopeduncular nucleus: electrophysiological correlates
Lesions of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons as seen in Parkinson's disease (PD) increase orofacial responses to serotonergic (5-HT) agonists in rodents. Although this response to 5-HT agonists has been related to aberrant signalling in the basal ganglia, a group a subcortical structures involved in the control of motor behaviours, it deserves additional studies with respect to the specific loci involved. Using measurements of orofacial activity, as well as single-cell recordings in vivo, we have studied the role of the entopeduncular nucleus (EPN; equivalent to the internal globus pallidus of primates), an output structure of basal ganglia, in the hypersensitized responses to a 5-HT agonist in sham- or unilaterally dopamine-depleted rats. Intra-EPN injections of Ro 60-0175 (0.3 and 1 mu g/100 nl) promoted robust oral movements in 6-OHDA rats without affecting oral activity in sham-depleted rats. Peripheral administration of Ro 60-0175 (3 mg/kg ip) decreased EPN neuronal firing rate in 6-OHDA rats compared to sham-depleted rats. Such an effect was also observed when the agonist (0.2 mu g/20 nl) was locally applied onto EPN neurons. These data demonstrate the contribution of EPN to hypersensitized responses to 5-HT agonists in a rat model of PD.
Journal Article
Test-retest reliability of super(11)CAZ10419369 binding to 5-HT sub(1B) receptors in human brain
Purpose: [ super(11)C]AZ10419369 is a recently developed 5-HT sub(1B) receptor radioligand that is sensitive to changes in endogenous serotonin concentrations in the primate brain. Thus, [ super(11)C] AZ10419369 may serve as a useful tool in clinical studies of the pathophysiology and pharmacological treatment of diseases related to the serotonin system, such as depression and anxiety disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of [ super(11)C]AZ10419369. Methods: Eight men were examined with PET and [ super(11)C] AZ10419369 twice on the same day. The binding potentials (BP sub(ND)) of [ super(11)C]AZ10419369 in selected serotonergic projection areas and in the raphe nuclei (RN) were determined using the simplified reference tissue model, and for comparison also using a wavelet-aided parametric imaging approach. The BP sub(ND) values obtained from the first and second PET scans were compared by means of descriptive statistics, difference, absolute variability and intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: Similar BP sub(ND) values were obtained with the two methods. The absolute mean differences in BP sub(ND) between PET 1 and PET 2 were less than 3 % in all serotonergic projection regions. Absolute variabilities were low in cortical regions (5 - 7 %), low to moderate (7 - 14 %) in subcortical regions, but higher (20 %) in the RN. Conclusion: The BP sub(ND) of [ super(11)C]AZ10419369 is highly reproducible in cortical regions and satisfactory in subcortical projection areas. The variability in the RN is higher. Thus larger sample sizes or larger divergences are required to assess a potential difference between subjects or between experimental conditions in this region.
Journal Article