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The present study investigated the psychometric properties of the Personalized Psychological Flexibility Index (PPFI) in a racially diverse sample of college students. Seven hundred twenty-three undergraduate students were recruited from a four-year public university in Hawaiʻi, USA. Confirmatory factor analyses were initially conducted to examine whether the theory-driven three-factor structure (i.e., Avoidance, Acceptance, and Harnessing) found in previous studies was identified in the current sample. The Generalized Partial Credit Model (GPCM), an item response theory (IRT) model for polytomous responses, was then used to explore the adequacy and accuracy of items and their response categories. We found a three-dimensional structure of PPFI, with minor modification for a correlated error term allowed between two items to be best fit of the present data. The GPCM analysis also indicated that, while most items in the Avoidance and Acceptance factors reliably measured the intended constructs, several items in the Harnessing factor showed suboptimal item information. Furthermore, our findings suggested reducing the 7-point original response categories to 5-point ones given the probabilities endorsed by items. Using an IRT model, this was the first study that investigated the psychometric properties of PPFI with a racially diverse sample of college students. While the PPFI is a promising measure of psychological flexibility, we found the areas of improvement through examining it at the item level.

Parental burnout is overwhelming exhaustion associated with one’s parental role. Numerous studies have explored the antecedents of parental burnout, with a deficient focus on its consequences, especially for children’s development. This study investigated the interaction effect between two protective factors (i.e., co-parenting and parental psychological flexibility) of parental burnout on subsequent children’s mental health through the mediation effect of parental burnout. A total of 262 Chinese mothers ( M age  = 35 years old) raising preschoolers participated in a two-wave survey within 1-month interval. Path analysis confirmed the moderated median model. Specifically, parental psychological flexibility (PPF) moderated the mediating effect of parental burnout between co-parenting and children’s internalizing and externalizing problems reported by mothers. For mothers with middle or low PPF, high-quality co-parenting was related to low children’s externalizing and internalizing problems via low-level parental burnout. While mothers with high PPF were less likely to develop parental burnout and exert a negative impact on children’s externalizing and internalizing problems even in face of low-quality co-parenting. Co-parenting and PPF may compensate for each other as the protective factors of parental burnout in mothers and children’s internalizing and externalizing problems in China. Highlights Parental burnout mediates the link between co-parenting and children’s internalizing and externalizing problems. The mediating effect mentioned above is significant for mothers with middle or low level of parental psychological flexibility. Strategies to promote fathers’ cooperation in parenting and maternal PPF are both needed in reliving maternal parental burnout and children’s problems in China.

To examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (C-MPFI) in college students and other groups. A total of 2794 participants were included in the study, including college students (Sample A: N  = 1405), middle school students (Sample B: N  = 438), epidemic prevention and control volunteers (Sample C: N  = 496), and private enterprise employees (Sample D: N  = 455). Sample A was asked to complete C-MPFI and the validity questionnaires at the same time. Other sample groups were only required to complete C-MPFI. After 3 weeks, 355 college students filled in the same questionnaires to assess the test-retest reliability. The exploratory factor analysis showed that the C-MPFI consisted of six factors, with a total of 30 items. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the six-factor structure fit was acceptable ( χ 2  = 1629.64, df  = 398, CFI = 0.90, TLI = 0.89, RMSEA = 0.070, SRMR = 0.078). C-MPFI and its dimensions are significantly positively correlated with positive indicators of mental health (life satisfaction), significantly negatively correlated with negative emotions (depression, anxiety, stress), and significantly negatively correlated with empirical avoidance and cognitive fusion. C-MPFI and its dimensions demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability in different samples. The C-MPFI scores were comparable across groups, according to the results of the measurement invariance tests, the configural invariance, metric invariance, scalar invariance, and strict invariance of the 6-factor model. It suggested that the C-MPFI has good reliability and validity.

Focusing on a sample of fathers, this study examined the effects of two personality traits, agreeableness and neuroticism, on parental burnout, as well as the mediating role of parenting sense of competence and moderating effects of parental psychological flexibility. Data were collected from 263 fathers of middle-school children in central China, with questionnaires including the agreeableness and neuroticism subscales from the Big Five personality trait scale, Parenting Sense of Competence Scale, Parenting Psychological Flexibility scale, and Parental Burnout Assessment. To analyze the hypothesized moderated mediation model, bootstrapping analysis and structural equation modeling were performed. Results showed that agreeableness was negatively correlated with parental burnout, while neuroticism was positively correlated with parental burnout; both these relationships were partially mediated by parenting sense of competency. Further, psychological flexibility moderated the relationship between parenting sense of competence and parental burnout. When parenting psychological flexibility was low, parenting sense of competence was significantly related to parental burnout, while parenting psychological flexibility was high, parenting sense of competence was not related to parental burnout significantly. These preliminary findings provide theoretical guidance and an empirical basis for intervention strategies to prevent burnout among fathers. Highlights Considering the increasing involvement of fathers in childcare and education, the present study examined the occurrence of parental burnout, and the result showed that the prevalence of fathers’ parental burnout was estimated to be between 5.76% to 9.71%. Agreeableness and neuroticism were significantly associated with parental burnout, and the above relations were partially mediated by parenting sense of competence; further, the relation between parenting sense of competence and parental burnout was moderated by parental psychological flexibility. Parental psychological flexibility and parenting sense of competence had complementary effects on parental burnout, individuals can reduce their parental burnout if either is adequate. These results may provide a new perspective to the BR 2 model that when individuals have enough resources, additional resources could not result in a lower occurrence of parental burnout.

The Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI) is a recently developed measure of psychological flexibility and inflexibility (PF and PI) based on the Hexaflex/Inflexahex Model. The aim of this article was to assess the factorial structure, reliability, and convergent and criterion validity of the MPFI-24 in a sample from Spain. The MPFI-24 was tested in a sample of 508 university students (Study 1). Items comprising the acceptance and Experiential Avoidance (EA) subscales were rewritten and tested in a sample of 406 university students (Study 2). Participants completed online cross-sectional surveys including the Spanish MPFI-24, and measures of PF, PI, and mental health. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a six-component first-order factor structure for PF and for PI. The MPFI-24 demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, temporal stability, and convergent and criterion validity. The MPFI-24 is a promising tool. Potential areas for improvement of the measure are discussed.

Children’s behavior problems are not conducive to their sustainable development. Therefore, it is of great value to explore the mechanism of relevant influencing factors on the behavior problems of rural preschoolers. This study aimed to reveal the direct effect of parental psychological flexibility on children’s behavior problems and the mediating effect of children’s emotion regulation. Based on simple random sampling, 355 caregivers (male = 31.25 years, SD = 9.78; 74.08% females; 9.01% bachelor degree) were recruited from eight rural kindergartens in three provinces in northeast China. With questionnaires, caregivers reported their parental psychological flexibility and assessed their children’s emotion regulation and behavior problems. SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical data analysis. The results support our hypotheses, suggesting that parental psychological flexibility, emotional stability, and emotional regulation negatively predicted children’s externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Meanwhile, emotional stability and regulation partially mediated the relationship between parental psychological flexibility and children’s externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. These findings provide a new perspective for preventing and intervening in preschoolers’ behavior problems.

The present study explored a model of the interplay between mother’s parental psychological flexibility of Chinese primary school students (grade 3–6) and self-reliance behaviors, as well as whether resilience mediates this association. Participants were N  = 497 children attending three primary schools in Jiangsu Province ( N  = 240, M age  = 10.51 years, SD  = 3.60; 47.6% boys) and two primary schools in Fujian Province ( N  = 257, M age  = 10.92 years, SD  = 3.31; 45.3% boys), People’s Republic of China. Assessments were employed, with children rating their mother’s parental psychological flexibility, as well as their own resilience and self-reliance behaviors. Results indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between mother’s parental psychological flexibility of Chinese primary school students (grades 3–6), resilience, and self-reliance behaviors. Moreover, resilience played a complete mediating role between mother’s parental psychological flexibility and self-reliance behaviors; the mediating effect of goal focus and emotional control (two subfactors of resilience) between mother’s parental psychological flexibility and self-reliance behaviors was significant, while the mediating effect of positive thinking, family support, and interpersonal assistance (the other three subfactors of resilience) was insignificant. The findings understress the importance of considering the meaning and implication of mother’s parental psychological flexibility and resilience in Chinese culture. Highlights Mother’s parental psychological flexibility was associated with self-reliance behaviors among Chinese children. Mother’s parental psychological flexibility was indirectly associated with self-reliance behaviors via a mediated pathway through resilience. Mother’s parental psychological flexibility was indirectly associated with self-reliance behaviors via a mediated pathway through goal focus and emotional control (two subfactors of resilience).

Background Psychological flexibility (PF) is defined as the ability to pursue valuable life goals despite the existence of distress. The Personalized Psychological Flexibility Index (PPFI) is a new measure of psychological flexibility that can address existing deficiencies. This study aimed to translate and validate the psychometric characteristics of the Chinese version of the PPFI among medical college students. Methods The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 involved the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the PPFI according to guidelines recommended by the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). Phase 2 was a cross-sectional survey conducted on 945 medical college students in China. The psychometric performances of the scale were assessed using construct validity, divergent validity, criterion validity, incremental validity, internal consistency, and test-rest reliability. Results The exploratory factor analysis (EFA, n1 = 440) showed that the Chinese version of the PPFI consisted of 3 factors, with a total of 15 items. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA, n2 = 440) showed that the three-factor structure fit well (χ 2 / df =2.469, SRMR = 0.051, RMSEA = 0.058, GFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.985). The total Chinese PPFI score had a moderate positive association with the Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (CompACT, r  = 0.344) and a negative association with the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II, r  = -0.334). Furthermore, the Chinese PPFI demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.826) and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.817, p  < 0.001). Conclusion The 15-item Chinese version of the PPFI is a reliable and valid tool for measuring PF in Chinese medical students. However, additional studies are needed to validate its psychometric properties in more generalizable samples and other contexts.

The job demands of university academic staff members leave them susceptible to the experience of work-leisure conflict (WLC). WLC is often studied as a composite construct despite its multidimensional nature and findings suggest it negatively affects employee psychological wellbeing. This study probes this relationship by examining the specificity therein within the context of the dimensionality of WLC built on the conservation of resource theory. Specifically, this study hypothesizes that the time dimension of WLC leads to the strain dimension which then negatively impacts psychological wellbeing. Furthermore, this study hypothesizes that coping self-efficacy and psychological flexibility will moderate this relationship at either end. Cross-sectional data were collected from teaching staff of a public university in Nigeria. The data were analyzed using SPSS and PROCESS Macro add-on. Findings suggest strain-based WLC mediate the relationship between time-based WLC and psychological wellbeing. Also, coping self-efficacy moderates the indirect effect of time-based WLC on psychological wellbeing through strain-based WLC while psychological flexibility does not moderate the indirect effect of time-based WLC on psychological wellbeing through strain-based WLC. The result of the study is significant in implicitly signaling the negative effect of role overload, and explicit in explaining the mechanism and direction of the same.

The aim of this study was to identify the relations of job demands (work overload) and job resources (social support and autonomy) with subjective job well-being (job satisfaction, positive affects, negative affects), as well as the moderating role of personal resources (psychological flexibility at work) in such relationships. The sample consisted of 4,867 Brazilian workers, of both sexes, with ages ranging from 18 to 67 years. Structural equation modelling showed that the work overload was negatively associated with job satisfaction (β = –.06; p < .001) and positively with negative affects (β = .24; p < .001); autonomy was positively associated with satisfaction (β = .08; p < .001) and negative affects (β = .08; p < .001); social support was positively associated with satisfaction (β = .17; p < .001) and positive affects (β = .20; p < .001), and negatively with negative affects (β = –.21; p < .001); psychological flexibility moderated the relationships of overload with satisfaction (β = .04; p < .05) and negative affects (β = .08; p < .001); autonomy with positive affects (β = –.06; p < .001) and social support with negative affects (β = .08; p < .001). These results are discussed from perspective of a job demands-resources theory, especially with respect to the relevance of personal resources for the promotion of occupational well-being.