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Aim: The study presents the controversial legislative amendment that has made it controversial from 1 January 2024 whether teachers can be considered as public servants. Methodology: The study uses logical, taxonomic and historical analysis. Findings: In the light of this, it is difficult to identify which persons fall into this category. It is difficult to determine which persons are considered to be performing a public duty. However, teachers, as their work as lecturerers and educators is a fundamental national value, should be included, regardless of whether this is explicitly stated in other legislation. Value: The study concludes that the judiciary is justified in considering teachers as performing a public task even if there was a period between 1 January 2024 and 10 May 2024 when the Public Education Act did not explicitly state this. Aim: The study presents the controversial legislative amendment that has made it controversial from 1 January 2024 whether teachers can be considered as public servants. Methodology: The study uses logical, taxonomic and historical analysis. Findings: In the light of this, it is difficult to identify which persons fall into this category. It is difficult to determine which persons are considered to be performing a public duty. However, teachers, as their work as lecturerers and educators is a fundamental national value, should be included, regardless of whether this is explicitly stated in other legislation. Value: The study concludes that the judiciary is justified in considering teachers as performing a public task even if there was a period between 1 January 2024 and 10 May 2024 when the Public Education Act did not explicitly state this.

This article examines some important moments of the social research and the debate on its public function in Italy. The illustration starts from the last phase of the nineteenth century and ends with the current situation of Italian sociology, which presents many problems and limitations. These limits severely reduce the public function of this subject. Sociology could be a foundamental and essential tool for our society. But it would be necessary – among other things – to recover the capacity for general, but not generic, analyses; and to resume the original vocation of sociology to criticize society.

In this groundbreaking book David Roberts sets out to demonstrate the centrality of the total work of art to European modernism since the French Revolution. The total work of art is usually understood as the intention to reunite the arts into the one integrated whole, but it is also tied from the beginning to the desire to recover and renew the public function of art. The synthesis of the arts in the service of social and cultural regeneration was a particularly German dream, which made Wagner and Nietzsche the other center of aesthetic modernism alongside Baudelaire and Mallarmé. The history and theory of the total work of art pose a whole series of questions not only to aesthetic modernism and its utopias but also to the whole epoch from the French Revolution to the totalitarian revolutions of the twentieth century. The total work of art indicates the need to revisit key assumptions of modernism, such as the foregrounding of the autonomy and separation of the arts at the expense of the countertendencies to the reunion of the arts, and cuts across the neat equation of avant-gardism with progress and deconstructs the familiar left-right divide between revolution and reaction, the modern and the antimodern. Situated at the interface between art, religion, and politics, the total work of art invites us to rethink the relationship between art and religion and art and politics in European modernism. In a major departure from the existing literature David Roberts argues for twin lineages of the total work, a French revolutionary and a German aesthetic, which interrelate across the whole epoch of European modernism, culminating in the aesthetic and political radicalism of the avant-garde movements in response to the crisis of autonomous art and the accelerating political crisis of European societies from the 1890s forward.In this groundbreaking book, David Roberts sets out to demonstrate the centrality of the total work of art to European modernism since the French Revolution. The total work of art is usually understood as the intention to reunite the arts into the one integrated whole, but it is also tied from the beginning to the desire to recover and renew the public function of art. The synthesis of the arts in the service of social and cultural regeneration was a particularly German dream, which made Wagner and Nietzsche the other center of aesthetic modernism alongside Baudelaire and Mallarmé.The history and theory of the total work of art pose a whole series of questions not only to aesthetic modernism and its utopias but also to the whole epoch from the French Revolution to the totalitarian revolutions of the twentieth century. The total work of art indicates the need to revisit key assumptions of modernism, such as the foregrounding of the autonomy and separation of the arts at the expense of the countertendencies to the reunion of the arts, and cuts across the neat equation of avant-gardism with progress and deconstructs the familiar left-right divide between revolution and reaction, the modern and the antimodern. Situated at the interface between art, religion, and politics, the total work of art invites us to rethink the relationship between art and religion and art and politics in European modernism.In a major departure from the existing literature David Roberts argues for twin lineages of the total work, a French revolutionary and a German aesthetic, which interrelate across the whole epoch of European modernism, culminating in the aesthetic and political radicalism of the avant-garde movements in response to the crisis of autonomous art and the accelerating political crisis of European societies from the 1890s forward.

Background Adaptation to climate change (CC) is a priority for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean, as these countries and territories are particularly vulnerable to climate-related events. Primary health care (PHC) is an important contributor to CC adaptation. However, knowledge on how PHC is prepared for CC in Caribbean SIDS is very limited. The aim of this paper is to discuss health system adaptation to climate change, with a focus on PHC. Methods We explored the perspectives of PHC professionals in Dominica on PHC adaptation to climate change. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in each of the seven health districts in Dominica, a Caribbean SIDS, between November 2021 and January 2022. The semi-structured interview guide was based on the Essential Public Health Functions: assessment, access to health care services, policy development and resource allocation. Data coding was organized accordingly. Results Findings suggest that health care providers perceive climate change as contributing to an increase in NCDs and mental health problems. Climate-related events create barriers to care and exacerbate the chronic deficiencies within the health system, especially in the absence of high-level policy support. Healthcare providers need to take a holistic view of health and act accordingly in terms of disease prevention and health promotion, epidemiological surveillance, and ensuring the widest possible access to healthcare, with a particular focus on the environmental and social determinants of vulnerability. Conclusion The primary health care system is a key stakeholder in the design and operationalization of adaptation and transformative resilience. The Essential Public Health Functions should integrate social and climate and other environmental determinants of health to guide primary care activities to protect the health of communities. This study highlights the need for improved research on the linkages between climate events and health outcomes, surveillance, and development of plans informed by contextual knowledge in the SIDS.

Inequality in employment is a significant barrier to the advancement of social and economic development for persons with disabilities (PWDs) in the Jordanian context. The objective of this study is to address the disparity between theoretical concepts and practical implementation of the accessibility of public employment for PWDs. This was achieved through an analysis of the legal framework, policies, and obstacles encountered by this population. Despite the availability of progressive legislation and policies, the implementation of these measures often gives rise to various gaps and loopholes. Hence, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal framework pertaining to PWDs in an enabling environment. It also highlights the numerous obstacles that PWDs encounter in accessing employment, resulting in their continued social marginalization and isolation. This study asserts that the inclusion of provisions in legal texts to ensure employment opportunities for PWDs is inadequate. The absence of effective enforcement mechanisms for disability laws highlights the need to align existing legal frameworks with the actuality of suitable work facilities, reasonable accommodations, accessible infrastructure, and adherence to quota systems.

Concession agreements represent the most utilized and preferred legal option in the exercise of public functions by private entities. Before entering into a concessionary agreement, there is a special procedure that takes place, and that is one of the distinctive characteristics of this type of contract vis-a-vis other civil contracts. This procedure is provided for under the Public procurement law. Consequently, all agreements stemming from the exercise of the concession agreement are regulated according to the modalities defined in this law. According to the Public Procurement law, administrative reviews represent the first obligatory instrument used in defense of the rights that parties claim to have been violated or otherwise infringed. The administrative review is the scope of this paper, with the view to clearly determining the administrative entity where the appeal will be addressed to, the subject matter of the appeal, and the legitimated subject, as its integral part. The role of the Public Procurement Commission and its competencies during the process of the administrative review represent another aspect. The practice of concessionary agreements in Albania is only in its early steps of development. Furthermore, the legislation that provides for the concession agreements has suffered changes to reflect the international legislation. All of which have led to the case law encountering various issues, which we have only humbly tried to reflect in this paper, while also providing our opinion with regard to addressing them.

The subject of this article is the legal status of an academic teacher as a person discharging a public function under the applicable Law on Higher Education and Science of 20 July 2018. It examines whether and to what extent the current regulation has affected the sphere of rights and obligations of an academic teacher who is a public official in special situations. In particular, the legal status of academic teachers and the status of public school teachers are compared. The author shows that the Law on Higher Education and Science does not contain a provision explicitly granting an academic teacher the status of a person performing a public function. This status is recognised in the rulings of common and administrative courts. Lawyers also recognise that an academic teacher, as a person employed at a university, that is, a unit with public funds, performs public functions. The article also describes the degree of legal responsibility of an academic teacher towards other entities.

This article analyzes the characteristics of seven different models of public employment (public function, in Spanish), with the objective of conducting a comparative law study regarding the treatment conferred on public officials in various countries (France, England, Spain, Italy, Germany, the United States and Brazil). In the article in comment, the tendencies and the main challenges faced by the Public Administrations of diverse countries are appraised, like the precarization, privatization, outsourcing, flexibilization, among other phenomena derived from the introduction of a new model of State. In this process, specific characteristics of each model are pointed out, and, in some cases, situations that approximate the legal systems in topics such as the selection of servers, legal status, stability, career, remuneration, among others.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the successor states of former Yugoslavia, with a history of dramatic conflicts and ruptures. These have left a unique heritage of interchanging prosperity and destruction, in which the built environment and architecture provide a rich evidence of the many complex identity narratives.  The public function and architecture of the Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, once purposely built to commemorate the national liberation in World War 2, encapsulates the current situation in the country, which is navigating through a complicated period of reconstruction and transformation after the war in 1990s. Once considered as the embodiment of a purist Modernist architecture, now a damaged structure with negligible institutional patronage, the Museum shelters the fractured artefacts of life during the three and a half year siege of Sarajevo. This paper introduces research into symbiotic elements of architecture and public function of the Museum. The impact of conflict on its survival, resilience and continuity of use is explored through its potentially mediatory role, and modelling for similar cases of reuse of 20th century architectural heritage. 

The study addresses the status of a local government body member and a local government employee as a person holding a public function in the meaning of Polish criminal law. In the Polish legal system, a person who holds a public function may be held criminally liable for passive bribery (bribe accepting) defined in Article 229 of the Polish Penal Code.  Pursuant to Article 115 § 19 PC, a public officer and persons belonging to several other categories are persons holding a public function, while  Article 115 § 13 PC defines the public officer by detailed enumeration of specific persons. The study provides an analysis of these concepts in view of the provisions governing the status of local government officers and persons employed with local government organisational units. Študija obravnava status člana organa lokalne uprave in uslužbenca lokalne uprave kot osebe, ki opravlja javno funkcijo v smislu poljskega kazenskega prava. V poljskem pravnem sistemu lahko oseba, ki opravlja javno funkcijo, kazensko odgovarja za pasivno podkupovanje (sprejemanje podkupnine), kot je opredeljeno v členu 229 poljskega kazenskega zakonika.  V skladu s členom 115 § 19 PC se javni uslužbenec in osebe iz drugih kategorij štejejo kot osebe, ki opravljajo javno funkcijo, medtem ko je v členu 115 § 13 PC javni uslužbenec podrobneje opredeljen na podlagi seznama specifičnih oseb. Med posamezniki, ki so povezani u lokalno upravo, zajema kategorija javnih uslužbencev člane sveta, zaposlene v upravi lokalne vlade, razen če izvajajo samo podporne dejavnosti, ter nekatere druge osebe, ki so pooblaščene za izdajo upravnih odločb na podlagi posebne določbe, kot tudi zaposlene v revizijskem organu lokalne uprave. Razen javnih uslužbencev vključuje kategorija oseb, ki opravljajo javno funkcijo v zvezi z lokalno upravo, tudi nekatere druge vrste oseb, kot so svetniki, člani organov lokalne uprave in nekatere osebe, zaposlene v enotah, ki imajo na razpolago sredstva lokalnih oblasti, pod pogojem, da je razpolaganje s temi sredstvi javnopravne narave. Študije pravosodne prakse v primerih podkupovanja in korupcije še ne zagotavljajo podatkov, ki bi omogočili natančno določitev obsega korupcije v lokalni upravi, vendar pa ni dvoma, da pasivno podkupovanje, ki ga zagrešijo osebe, ki so del lokalne uprave, ni le obrobni pojav.