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This study was aimed to measure marketing efficiency and study important factors affecting , using TOBIT qualitative response model for wheat crop in Salahalddin province. Results revealed that independent factors such as (marketing type, crops duration in the field, average marketing cost, distance between farm and marketing center, and average productivity) had an impact on wheat marketing efficiency. This impact varied in size and direction due to value of parameters. Values of marketing efficiency fluctuated within cities and towns in the province. The average value on the province level was 76.75%. This study was recommended developing marketing infrastructures which is essential to efficiency increases. In addition, it is important to decrease routine administrative procedures in governmental marketing institutions and establish marketing centers, even if they will be temporary, in harvesting and marketing period near the production areas.

The research aims to enhance farmers' access to agricultural credit by identifying the most important economic and social characteristics affecting the demand for agricultural loans. Farmers need agricultural credit as a source of financing due to their weak financial capabilities، and that farmers’ lack of access to credit may negatively affect the achievement of the level of production that maximizes profit or allow farmers to apply and use modern technologies or develop existing agricultural projects. Cross-sectional data were collected for a random sample of (275) farmers in Baghdad governorate. The Logit model was used to determine the most important factors affecting agricultural loans، which include gender، age، educational level، farm size، experience، and type of tenure، in addition to statistical description and correlation analysis، using The statistical program (EViews10), The results showed that years of experience، farm size، gender، and age have a positive and significant effect، while the educational level has a negative and significant impact، as the higher the educational level of farmers، the greater their ability to obtain employment outside the agricultural sector، such as business in government jobs. or trade and others، while the impact of the type of tenure was weak، and thus the research recommends the need to develop a credit policy that takes into account the studied characteristics of farmers and enhance their capabilities through guidance and training in addition to supporting women farmers .

This research was aimed to identify the social and economic factors influencing the adoption of integrated pest control using pheromone traps to control the pests on palm trees in four governorates (Babylon, Karbala, Baghdad, and Wasit). The research is conducted with a sample of 340 farmers using of questionnaire. The research conducts the PROBIT model, to evaluate the suitability of the model we used McFadden R2 and Likelihood Ratio-LR test,  Hosmer & Lemeshow goodness of fit test, Wald test to judge the significant correlation. The results showed a significant correlation at 1%, among (age, damage to animals and bees, orchard location, land type and control costs) and at 5% between (education level, return). The study also showed that the degree of risk ranged between 3.4 - 3.5 degrees for chemical pesticides that are used by farmers in the study area for the five environmental categories. The study recommended to implementing the integrated pest control program in the palm sector, the need to increase financial and guidance support for the program because of its positive impact on the social economic aspect of farmers. هدف البحث إلى التعرف على العوامل الاجتماعية والاقتصادية المؤثرة في اعتماد المكافحة المتكاملة باستخدام المصائد الفرمونية لمكافحة الآفات على أشجار النخيل في أربع محافظات (بابل، كربلاء، بغداد، وواسط). تم إجراء البحث على عينة مكونة من 340 مزارعاً باستخدام الاستبيان. أجرى البحث نموذج PROBIT، لتقييم مدى ملاءمة النموذج، تم استخدام اختبار McFadden R2 واختبار نسبة الاحتمالية-LR، واختبار Hosmer & Lemeshow جودة الملاءمة، واختبار Wald للحكم على الارتباط المعنوي. أظهرت النتائج وجود علاقة معنوية عند 1% بين (العمر، الضرر الذي يلحق بالحيوانات والنحل، موقع البستان، نوع الأرض وتكاليف المكافحة) وبنسبة 5% بين (المستوى التعليمي، العائد). كما أظهرت الدراسة أن درجة الخطورة تراوحت بين 3.4 – 3.5 درجة للمبيدات الكيماوية التي يستخدمها المزارعون في منطقة الدراسة للفئات البيئية الخمس، وأوصت الدراسة بتنفيذ برنامج المكافحة المتكامل في قطاع النخيل، وضرورة زيادة الدعم المالي والإرشادي للبرنامج لما له من تأثير إيجابي على الجانب الاقتصادي الاجتماعي للمزارعين

Despite the expansion of the use of formal variables as explanatory variables, their use as dependent variables is still limited. This may be due to the many problems that arise when using these variables as dependent variables. Therefore, the research aimed to use qualitative response models to measure the food security factor for wheat crops in Iraq for the period (1995-2022). The study aims to apply the TOBIT qualitative response model to identify the most important factors that increase the food security of the wheat crop in Iraq, by studying the relationship between the food security factor of the wheat crop and the independent variables (consumption, imports, national income, population, production, local price, exchange rate). The Tobit model regression parameters as a whole showed their significance at the 1% level, which is greater than 0.05. This is explained by the fact that the explanatory variables have a significant effect on the probability of the dependent variable (food security factor). Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis ( H 1 ) is accepted, which states that the parameters of the explanatory variables ( b s ) for the Tobit model is not equal to zero. The production growth rate for the wheat crop during the research period appeared to be about (0.6%) and showed a positive sign.

Although one often has detailed information about participants in a program, the lack of comparable information on non-participants precludes standard qualitative choice estimation. This challenge can be overcome by incorporating a supplementary sample of covariate values from the general population. This paper presents new estimators based on this sampling strategy, which perform comparably to the best existing supplementary sampling estimators. The key advantage of the new estimators is that they readily incorporate sample weights, so that they can be applied to Census surveys and other supplementary data sources that have been generated using complex sample designs. This substantially widens the range of problems that can be addressed under a supplementary sampling estimation framework. The potential for improving precision by incorporating imperfect knowledge of the population prevalence rate is also explored.

How to sustain hope amidst loss during repressive times? It may not be enough to voice the words “there is a chance”. But can the act of writing a song, of singing that song, of making a noise, constitute a commitment towards ensuring that there is a chance?

This poetic autoethnography explores aspects of human contact and communication during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020. Through a series of poems, the inquiry focuses upon the desire for ordinary interactions and the fear of contamination. The piece stands as a lament, not only for those who have died and have become ill from the virus, but also for the loss of human connection as people practice in varying degrees social distancing.

Three poems written during the period of “lockdown” in the UK in early 2020. Each poem works in, and responds to, the confluence of the personal, the material, and the socio-political.

I use the iconic spoken word poem, “The Revolution Will Not be Televised” by Gil Scott-Heron to chart a series of reflections on my childhood engagement of the piece for high speech tournaments. Then ground the reflection in current day commentary on the nature of revolution, protest, civil rights protest, the Black Lives Matter movements, issues of diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI), and the notion of antiracism.