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In our award-winning 2009 article, we further developed the model that we originally presented in 1977. We observed that firms form relationships and that those relationships become networks, and thus in the end the business macro environment consists of networks of relationships between firms. Those relationships have far-reaching consequences, especially in terms of opportunity recognition and development. Since 2009, we have applied the Uppsala model to a number of different IB issues, most notably the process of globalization, which we believe is best understood as a driver of the evolution of the multinational business enterprise (MBE). We suggest that our model can still be improved further by recognizing the general psychological characteristics of managers, for instance, what makes them tend to shy away from radical change and to prefer instead an incremental approach? What does this mean for internationalization? Generally, we think that the closer our assumptions are to reality, the better the resulting model.

Although it is not clear yet what a full-grown circular economy (CE) is going to look like, it is clear that the challenges of transitioning to a CE are both impressive and urgent. The Dutch government has expressed the ambition to establish a CE in the Netherlands in 2050. In the wake of this, the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality laid down a vision on circular agriculture (CA). A key question with respect to both CE and CA is if and to what extent this means business as unusual: How distinct is circular business from normal business operations? The ways in which the notions of CE and circular business models (CBMs) are often introduced suggest a big difference. However, closer scrutiny also reveals that in practice the impact of circularity is less obvious. Against the backdrop of such opposite observations, this paper examines how Dutch farmers perceive circularity and what implications this has for their production practices. Interviews (n = 13) with Dutch farmers show that circular business is adapted in normal business management by some and regarded as a genuine alternative to the conventional food system by others. By taking Dutch farmers as an example, this paper aims to contribute to our understanding of how CE is interpreted in small and medium enterprises (SMEs).

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a field of knowledge that is displacing and disrupting technologies, leading to changes in human life. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to scientifically map this topic and its ramifications, in order to analyze its growth. The study was developed under the bibliometric approach and considered the period 1990–2019. The steps followed were (i) Identification and selection of keyword terms in three methodological layers by a panel of experts. (ii) Design and application of an algorithm to identify these selected keywords in titles, abstracts, and keywords using terms in Web of Science to contrast them. (iii) Performing data processing based on the Journals of the Journal Citation Report during 2020. Knowing the evolution of a field of knowledge such as AI from a bibliometric study and subsequently establishing the ramifications of new research streams is in itself a relevant finding. Addressing a broad field of knowledge as AI from a multidisciplinary approach given the convergence it generates with other disciplines and specialties is of high strategic value for decision makers such as governments, academics, scientists, and entrepreneurs.

To maintain its existence, change is definite in every organization. The furniture industry in Indonesia has experienced dynamic changes in terms of production rate, sales, and export volume to foreign markets. After being hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, the rattan industry in Trangsan Village, Sukoharjo, Indonesia is now starting to rise. This study used a case study approach, which allows researchers to examine cases using the data collected from observations, interviews, and reports. Based on the results of observations and interviews conducted by researchers, the first step of change is expanding the market share from local to international with a focus on producing export-quality products. The second stage of change is changing the production system. The third step is creating products that are distinctive from other industries supported by the production quality control department to create quality and diverse products. The fourth stage is improving human resources and increasing employees' skills. The fifth stage of change is improving the production techniques since rattan products were manually created using hand plaiting techniques. The sixth stage of change made by industrial entrepreneurs is holding a cooperation forum which aims to increase industrial development and resolve various existing problems. In conclusion, the furniture industry in Trangsan needs to partner up with large-scale furniture companies both within and outside of Surakarta to support business expansion. To support international marketing, entrepreneurs need to use information technologies.

Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is the only zoonotic prion disease described to date. Although the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE prions have been partially studied, an extensive analysis is still needed. We conducted a systematic study by inoculating atypical BSE isolates from different countries in Europe into transgenic mice overexpressing human prion protein (PrP): TgMet(129), TgMet/Val(129), and TgVal(129). L-type BSE showed a higher zoonotic potential in TgMet(129) mice than classical BSE. whereas Val(1)(29)-PrP variant was a strong molecular protector against L-type BSE prions, even in heterozygosis. H-type BSE could not be transmitted to any of the mice. We also adapted 1 H- and 1 L-type BSE isolate to sheep-PrP transgenic mice and inoculated them into human-PrP transgenic mice. Atypical BSE prions showed a modification in their zoonotic ability after adaptation to sheep-PrP producing agents able to infect TgMet(129) and TgVal(129) bearing features that make them indistinguishable of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions.

Moral Laboratoriesis an engaging ethnography and a groundbreaking foray into the anthropology of morality. It takes us on a journey into the lives of African American families caring for children with serious chronic medical conditions, and it foregrounds the uncertainty that affects their struggles for a good life. Challenging depictions of moral transformation as possible only in moments of breakdown or in radical breaches from the ordinary, it offers a compelling portrait of the transformative powers embedded in day-to-day existence. From soccer fields to dinner tables, the everyday emerges as a moral laboratory for reshaping moral life. Cheryl Mattingly offers vivid and heart-wrenching stories to elaborate a first-person ethical framework, forcefully showing the limits of third-person renderings of morality.

Purpose Based on dual organizational theory, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative behavior in groups. The authors proposed that group innovative behavior was influenced by transformational leadership as a group-level construct which was moderated by dual organizational change that represent organization-level resources. Furthermore, the authors identified two organizational change-related situational variables-radical change and incremental change and examined their effects on group innovative behavior. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected data from full-time employees working in groups in 43 companies, located in five cities in China including Beijing, Yantai, Chengdu, Xi’an, and Chengde. These enterprises were from a wide range of industries, including manufacturing, financing, information technology, and geological exploration. The authors chose a middle- or senior-level manager from each company to act as chief survey respondent, who were asked to contact managers and employees from a list they had provided and invite them to participate in a web-based survey (via an e-mailed link) or a paper-and-pencil survey. A total of 192 managers and 756 direct subordinates from 112 groups completed the survey. Findings Results found that transformational leadership was positively related to group innovative behavior, and this relationship was moderated by radical change, but not incremental change; radical change and incremental change were also positively related to group innovative behavior. Research limitations/implications This study adopts a cross-sectional study design, which is insufficient for deriving causal inferences. Future research may adopt a longitudinal study design to investigate causal impacts. Besides, some unmeasured variables could be related to transformational leadership and innovative behavior. Practical implications The paper includes implications for adopting appropriate leadership style to motivate innovative behavior, promoting dual organizational change to boost innovative behavior, and generating greater innovative behavior for transformational leaders in times of radical change. Originality/value This cross-level study contributes to the relationship between transformational leadership and group innovative behavior in the context of dual organizational change.

PurposeThis empirical paper investigates how entrepreneurial firms change their business models in the context of internationalization by identifying different forms of business model innovation (BMI) and exploring the interrelationship between BMI and internationalization.Design/methodology/approachBased on the dynamic states approach of entrepreneurship (Levie and Lichtenstein, 2010), this paper analyses primary and secondary data from nine European firms following a multiple case study approach.FindingsThis paper presents four patterns of radical change and eight types of incremental adaption with-in business models in the context of internationalization. We describe these BMI patterns and types, and we also show how they contribute to increasing involvement in international business activities and the internationalization-related triggers that might cause them.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to a better understanding of the BMI process in the course of internationalization. It also highlights the complex interrelationship between BMI and internationalization by building on a progressive theoretical approach.

The adoption of the Paris Agreement has committed the world to limiting anthropogenic climate change to 2°C above preindustrial levels, adapting to climate risks, and fostering climate resilience. Given the high proportion of global emissions released by cities and the concentration of people living in urban areas, this will require an unprecedented reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and transformation of the built environment on a yet unparalleled timescale. This poses substantial challenges for urban land-use and transport planning and for the use of land-use transport models (LUTM), which have historically been developed to test incremental changes rather than the rapid transformations implied by the Paris Agreement. This paper sets out the need for a new generation of tools to support the planning of a transition toward a low-carbon and resilient future, arguing that land-use and transport modeling tools are crucial to support this process. Recent developments in urban integrated assessment that link models of land-use and transport with other environmental models of greenhouse gas emissions and climate hazards show promise as platforms to assess the potential of urban policies in achieving the goals set out in the Paris Agreement. The paper concludes by defining challenges for the LUTM community if it is to achieve these goals. Crucial will be the adoption of new modeling approaches to better represent rapid social and technological change and to concurrently assess the resilience and sustainability implications of different land-use and transport policies. Simple models to explore multiple scenarios of change must be integrated with more sophisticated models for detailed design. Collaborative approaches will be necessary to allow multiple stakeholders to use these tools to explore urban futures and design radical urban transitions across multiple and interdependent urban sectors.

This contribution presents research into the changes taking place in companies in the Czech Republic. The aim was to determine whether companies in the Czech Republic are undergoing fundamental changes, what influences are forcing them to change, and whether managers prefer radical changes to incremental improvements. The research was carried out in the form of a questionnaire survey, which consisted of four sections and 60 questions, conducted by teachers and students of VSTE in České Budějovice in 2019. The article analyses the characteristics of the selected statements and examines the interdependencies between the variables, including the dependence on the identified identification variables.