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Ferryman of Memories
Ferryman of Memories: The Films of Rithy Panh is an
unconventional book about an unconventional filmmaker. Rithy Panh
survived the Cambodian genocide and found refuge in France where he
discovered in film a language that allowed him to tell what
happened to the two million souls who suffered hunger, overwork,
disease, and death at the hands of the Khmer Rouge. His innovative
cinema is made with people, not about them-even
those guilty of crimes against humanity. Whether he is directing
Isabelle Huppert in The Sea Wall , following laborers
digging trenches, or interrogating the infamous director of S-21
prison, aesthetics and ethics inform all he does. With remarkable
access to the director and his work, Deirdre Boyle introduces
readers to Panh's groundbreaking approach to perpetrator cinema and
dazzling critique of colonialism, globalization, and the refugee
crisis. Ferryman of Memories reveals the art of one of the
masters of world cinema today, focusing on nineteen of his
award-winning films, including Rice People, The Land of
Wandering Souls, S-21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine, and
The Missing Picture.
eBook
Early Grain Cultivation and Starting Processes in the Japanese Archipelago
This paper presents a specific examination of the introduction of grain cultivation and the processes of development in the Japanese Archipelago. In fact, no definitive archaeological evidence has been found that Jomon hunter–gatherers cultivated grain in the Japanese Archipelago; the earliest potential evidence of grain is a stamp mark of rice on the surface of a final late-Jomon, in about 11th century BC, pottery found at the Itaya 3 site in Shimane Prefecture. Current evidence indicates that the first grain cultivation was started by Jomon people who adopted irrigated wet rice cultivation that had arrived from the Korean Peninsula to northern parts of Kyushu, and gradually spread eastward thereafter. This study specifically examines four regions, including northern Kyushu, Kinki, southern Kanto, and northern Tohoku, in order to investigate the processes of grain cultivation initiation and spread. First, the years during which wet rice cultivation started in each region are estimated based on carbon-14 dating of earthenware types used during that period. Secondly, the timing of the spread of wet rice cultivation has been estimated based on carbon-14 dating of earthenware. Subsequently, differences in the periods between the initiation and dissemination of wet rice cultivation were estimated. Results suggest that dissemination took place over approximately 250 years in northern Kyushu, where wet rice cultivation first started. The time required for adoption decreased gradually as the trend moved eastward. It was estimated to have taken approximately 150 years in Kinki and 20–30 years in southern Kanto, taking place at about the same time. A factor, significantly contributing to such differences in timing and development processes among regions, was likely the relationship between the first farmers who introduced wet rice farming and the indigenous hunter–gatherers who lived there.
Journal Article
Deep roots : rice farmers in West Africa and the African diaspora
Mangrove rice farming on West Africa's Rice Coast was the mirror image of
tidewater rice plantations worked by enslaved Africans in 18th-century South
Carolina and Georgia. This book reconstructs the development of rice-growing
technology among the Baga and Nalu of coastal Guinea, beginning more than a
millennium before the transatlantic slave trade. It reveals a picture of dynamic
pre-colonial coastal societies, quite unlike the static, homogenous pre-modern
Africa of previous scholarship. From its examination of inheritance, innovation, and
borrowing, Deep Roots fashions a theory of cultural change that encompasses the
diversity of communities, cultures, and forms of expression in Africa and the
African diaspora.
eBook
Rice Bran: From Waste to Nutritious Food Ingredients
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a principal food for more than half of the world’s people. Rice is predominantly consumed as white rice, a refined grain that is produced during the rice milling process which removes the bran and germ and leaves the starchy endosperm. Rice bran is a by-product produced from the rice milling process, which contains many bioactive compounds, for instance, phenolic compounds, tocotrienols, tocopherols, and γ-oryzanol. These bioactive compounds are thought to protect against cancer, vascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Extraction of rice bran oil also generates various by-products including rice bran wax, defatted rice bran, filtered cake, and rice acid oil, and some of them exert bioactive substances that could be utilized as functional food ingredients. However, rice bran is often utilized as animal feed or discarded as waste. Therefore, this review aimed to discuss the role of rice bran in metabolic ailments. The bioactive constituents and food product application of rice bran were also highlighted in this study. Collectively, a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism and the role of these bioactive compounds exerted in the rice bran would provide a useful approach for the food industry and prevent metabolic ailments.
Journal Article
Economic and Environmental Impact of Rice Blast Pathogen (Magnaporthe oryzae) Alleviation in the United States
Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) is a key concern in combating global food insecurity given the disease is responsible for approximately 30% of rice production losses globally-the equivalent of feeding 60 million people. These losses increase the global rice price and reduce consumer welfare and food security. Rice is the staple crop for more than half the world's population so any reduction in rice blast would have substantial beneficial effects on consumer livelihoods. In 2012, researchers in the US began analyzing the feasibility of creating blast-resistant rice through cisgenic breeding. Correspondingly, our study evaluates the changes in producer, consumer, and environmental welfare, if all the rice produced in the Mid-South of the US were blast resistant through a process like cisgenics, using both international trade and environmental assessment modeling. Our results show that US rice producers would gain 69.34 million dollars annually and increase the rice supply to feed an additional one million consumers globally by eliminating blast from production in the Mid-South. These results suggest that blast alleviation could be even more significant in increasing global food security given that the US is a small rice producer by global standards and likely experiences lower losses from blast than other rice-producing countries because of its ongoing investment in production technology and management. Furthermore, results from our detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) show that producing blast-resistant rice has lower environmental (fossil fuel depletion, ecotoxicity, carcinogenics, eutrophication, acidification, global warming potential, and ozone depletion) impacts per unit of rice than non-blast resistant rice production. Our findings suggest that any reduction in blast via breeding will have significantly positive impacts on reducing global food insecurity through increased supply, as well as decreased price and environmental impacts in production.
Journal Article
Climate variability impacts on rice production in the Philippines
Changes in crop yield and production over time are driven by a combination of genetics, agronomics, and climate. Disentangling the role of these various influences helps us understand the capacity of agriculture to adapt to change. Here we explore the impact of climate variability on rice yield and production in the Philippines from 1987-2016 in both irrigated and rainfed production systems at various scales. Over this period, rice production is affected by variations in soil moisture, which are largely driven by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). We found that the climate impacts on rice production are strongly seasonally modulated and differ considerably by region. As expected, rainfed upland rice production systems are more sensitive to soil moisture variability than irrigated paddy rice. About 10% of the variance in rice production anomalies on the national level co-varies with soil moisture changes, which in turn are strongly negatively correlated with an index capturing ENSO variability. Our results show that while temperature variability is of limited importance in the Philippines today, future climate projections suggest that by the end of the century, temperatures might regularly exceed known limits to rice production if warming continues unabated. Therefore, skillful seasonal prediction will likely become increasingly crucial to provide the necessary information to guide agriculture management to mitigate the compounding impacts of soil moisture variability and temperature stress. Detailed case studies like this complement global yield studies and provide important local perspectives that can help in food policy decisions.
Journal Article
Marker Assisted Gene Pyramiding (MAGP) for bacterial blight and blast resistance into mega rice variety “Tellahamsa”
Bacterial blight (BB) and fungal blast diseases are the major biotic constraints that limit rice productivity. To sustain yield improvement in rice, it is necessary to developed yield potential of the rice varieties by incorporation of biotic stress resistance genes. Tellahamsa is a well-adapted popular high yielding rice variety in Telangana state, India. However, the variety is highly susceptible to BB and blast. In this study, simultaneous stepwise transfer of genes through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB) strategy was used to introgress two major BB (Xa21 and xa13) and two major blast resistance genes (Pi54 and Pi1) into Tellahamsa. In each generation (from F.sub.1 to ICF.sub.3) foreground selection was done using gene-specific markers viz., pTA248 (Xa21), xa13prom (xa13), Pi54MAS (Pi54) and RM224 (Pi1). Two independent BC.sub.2 F.sub.1 lines of Tellahamsa/ISM (Cross-I) and Tellahamsa/NLR145 (Cross-II) possessing 92% and 94% recurrent parent genome (RPG) respectively were intercrossed to develop ICF1-ICF.sub.3 generations. These gene pyramided lines were evaluated for key agro-morphological traits, quality, and resistance against blast at three different hotspot locations as well as BB at two locations. Two ICF.sub.3 gene pyramided lines viz., TH-625-159 and TH-625-491 possessing four genes exhibited a high level of resistance to BB and blast. In the future, these improved Tellahamsa lines could be developed as mega varieties for different agro-climatic zones and also as potential donors for different pre-breeding rice research.
Journal Article
Improving nutritional quality of rice for human health
Key messageThis review surveys rice nutritional value, mainly focusing on breeding achievements via adoption of both genetic engineering and non-transgenic strategies to improve key nutrients associated with human health.Rice (Oryza sativa) is an essential component of the diets and livelihoods of over 3.5 billion people. Polished rice is mostly consumed as staple food, fulfilling daily energy demands and part of the protein requirement. Brown rice is comparatively more nutritious, containing more lipids, minerals, vitamins, dietary fiber, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds. In this article, we review the nutritional facts about rice including the level of γ-aminobutyric acid, resistant starch, lysine, iron, zinc, β-carotene, folate, anthocyanin, various carotenoids, and flavonoids, focusing on their synthesis and metabolism and the advances in their biofortification via adoption of both conventional and genetic engineering strategies. We conclude that besides representing a staple food, rice has the potential to become a source of various essential nutrients or bioactive compounds through appropriate genetic improvements to benefit human health and prevent certain chronic diseases. Finally, we discuss the available, non-genetically engineering strategies for the nutritional improvement of rice, including their main strengths and constraints.
Journal Article
Cadmium minimization in rice. A review
Cadmium (Cd) contamination of rice is found in areas irrigated by wastewater from mines. Cd contamination of rice fields can also result from the application of Cd-rich phosphate fertilizers. As a consequence, millions of tons of rice are discarded. In Asia, irrigated paddy-based cropping systems provide rice grains as food for about 2 billion people. A daily intake of 20–40 μg Cd from rice is reported in regions where rice is used as a food. Daily rice Cd intake leads to diseases such as bone mineralization. Hence, Cd minimization in rice is needed. This article reviews sustainable agriculture and molecular techniques that prevents Cd uptake in rice. Cadmium minimization can be done either by field remediation or change in plant functions. Organic farming decreases Cd uptake and remediates crop fields. Cd hyperaccumulator plants and Cd immobilizing microbes can be used for field remediation. Cd amount in rice can be controlled by gene families that code for putative transition metal transporters or metal chaperones and quantitative trait loci (QTL). Generation of Cd excluder rice is possible by transgenics.
Journal Article