Explore the vast range of titles available.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of salidroside (Sal) on myocardial injury in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced endotoxemic in vitro and in vivo. SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group, LPS group (15 mg/kg), LPS plus dexamethasone (2 mg/kg), LPS plus Sal groups with different Sal doses (20, 40 mg/kg). Hemodynamic measurement and haematoxylin and eosin staining were performed. Serum levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐px), glutathione, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) were measured after the rats were killed. iNOS, COX‐2, NF‐κB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway proteins were detected by Western blot. In vitro, we evaluated the protective effect of Sal on rat embryonic heart‐derived myogenic cell line H9c2 induced by LPS. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H9c2 cells was measured by flow cytometry, and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD, GSH‐px, glutathione‐S‐transferase, TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐1β in cellular supernatant were measured. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling was examined by Western blot. As a result, Sal significantly attenuated the above indices. In addition, Sal exerts pronounced cardioprotective effect in rats subjected to LPS possibly through inhibiting the iNOS, COX‐2, NF‐κB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in vivo. Furthermore, the pharmacological effect of Sal associated with the ROS‐mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway was proved by the use of ROS scavenger, N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine, in LPS‐stimulated H9C2 cells. Our results indicated that Sal could be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

ObjectiveThis study investigated the protective effect of Salidroside (SAL) against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and its role in regulating nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)-mediated neuroinflammation and damage.MethodsIn vivo, a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model was established in male SD rats. Animals were divided into sham-operated (Sham), I/R (MCAO-NS), MCAO+eNAMPT, and MCAO+eNAMPT+SAL groups. Recombinant NAMPT (5 μg/rat) and/or SAL (10 μg/rat) were administered intracerebroventricularly. Neurological deficit scores (mNSS), infarct volume (TTC), brain levels of IL-1β/TNF-α (ELISA), total NAMPT expression (WB/ELISA), and NAD+ content were assessed. In vitro, primary microglia were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and divided into control (Ctrl), OGD-NS, OGD+eNAMPT (20 ng/mL), and OGD+eNAMPT+SAL (6 μg/mL) groups. Cytotoxicity (LDH), viability (MTT), and IL-1β/TNF-α secretion (ELISA) were measured.ResultsCompared to Sham, the I/R group showed worsened neurological deficits, larger infarct volumes, elevated total NAMPT, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels (P < 0.001), and reduced NAD+ (P < 0.001). Exogenous eNAMPT further exacerbated these injuries and inflammation (P < 0.001). SAL treatment significantly reversed eNAMPT-aggravated neurological deficits and infarction (P < 0.001), downregulated total NAMPT, TNF-α, and IL-1β, and increased NAD+ levels (P < 0.001). In vitro, eNAMPT stimulation increased OGD/R-induced TNF-α and IL-1β secretion from microglia (P < 0.001), which SAL effectively inhibited (P < 0.001).ConclusionThis study provides experimental evidence that the neuroprotective effects of SAL against cerebral I/R injury are associated with downregulation of pathologically elevated NAMPT expression (likely reflecting a reduction in pro-inflammatory eNAMPT), restoration of cerebral NAD+ homeostasis (potentially preserving iNAMPT function), and suppression of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, suggesting that eNAMPT may serve as a potential effector molecule of SAL.

Worldwide, myopia is the leading cause of visual impairment. It results from inappropriate extension of the ocular axis and concomitant declines in scleral strength and thickness caused by extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. However, the identities of the initiators and signaling pathways that induce scleral ECM remodeling in myopia are unknown. Here, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing to identify pathways activated in the sclera during myopia development. We found that the hypoxia-signaling, the eIF2-signaling, and mTOR-signaling pathways were activated in murine myopic sclera. Consistent with the role of hypoxic pathways in mouse model of myopia, nearly one third of human myopia risk genes from the genome-wide association study and linkage analyses interact with genes in the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)–signaling pathway. Furthermore, experimental myopia selectively induced HIF-1α up-regulation in the myopic sclera of both mice and guinea pigs. Additionally, hypoxia exposure (5% O₂) promoted myofibroblast transdifferentiation with down-regulation of type I collagen in human scleral fibroblasts. Importantly, the antihypoxia drugs salidroside and formononetin down-regulated HIF-1α expression as well as the phosphorylation levels of eIF2α and mTOR, slowing experimental myopia progression without affecting normal ocular growth in guinea pigs. Furthermore, eIF2α phosphorylation inhibition suppressed experimental myopia, whereas mTOR phosphorylation induced myopia in normal mice. Collectively, these findings defined an essential role of hypoxia in scleral ECM remodeling and myopia development, suggesting a therapeutic approach to control myopia by ameliorating hypoxia.

Smoking has a profound impact on tumor immunity, and nicotine, which is the major addictive component of smoke, is known to promote tumor progression despite being a non-carcinogen. In this study, we demonstrate that chronic exposure of nicotine plays a critical role in the formation of pre-metastatic niche within the lungs by recruiting pro-tumor N2-neutrophils. This pre-metastatic niche promotes the release of STAT3-activated lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a secretory glycoprotein from the N2-neutrophils, and induces mesenchymal-epithelial transition of tumor cells thereby facilitating colonization and metastatic outgrowth. Elevated levels of serum and urine LCN2 is elevated in early-stage breast cancer patients and cancer-free females with smoking history, suggesting that LCN2 serve as a promising prognostic biomarker for predicting increased risk of metastatic disease in female smoker(s). Moreover, natural compound, salidroside effectively abrogates nicotine-induced neutrophil polarization and consequently reduced lung metastasis of hormone receptor-negative breast cancer cells. Our findings suggest a pro-metastatic role of nicotine-induced N2-neutrophils for cancer cell colonization in the lungs and illuminate the therapeutic use of salidroside to enhance the anti-tumor activity of neutrophils in breast cancer patients.

Background Following stroke, microglia can be driven to the “classically activated” pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype and the “alternatively activated” anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. Salidroside (SLDS) is known to inhibit inflammation and to possess protective effects in neurological diseases, but to date, the exact mechanisms involved in these processes after stroke have yet to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of SLDS on neuroprotection and microglial polarization after stroke. Methods Male adult C57/BL6 mice were subjected to focal transient cerebral ischemia followed by intravenous SLDS injection. The optimal dose was determined by evaluation of cerebral infarct volume and neurological functions. RT-PCR and immunostaining were performed to assess microglial polarization. A transwell system and a direct-contact coculture system were used to elucidate the effects of SLDS-induced microglial polarization on oligodendrocyte differentiation and neuronal survival. Results SLDS significantly reduced cerebral infarction and improved neurological function after cerebral ischemia. SLDS treatment reduced the expression of M1 microglia/macrophage markers and increased the expression of M2 microglia/macrophage markers after stroke and induced primary microglia from M1 phenotype to M2 phenotype. Furthermore, SLDS treatment enhanced microglial phagocytosis and suppressed microglial-derived inflammatory cytokine release. Cocultures of oligodendrocytes and SLDS-treated M1 microglia resulted in increased oligodendrocyte differentiation. Moreover, SLDS protected neurons against oxygen glucose deprivation by promoting microglial M2 polarization. Conclusions These data demonstrate that SLDS protects against cerebral ischemia by modulating microglial polarization. An understanding of the mechanisms involved in SLDS-mediated microglial polarization may lead to new therapeutic opportunities after stroke.

Circ₀009624 expression was increased in LUAD tissues and cells, and decreased in SAL‐treated LUAD cells. Furthermore, applying SAL might constrain malignant phenotypes and immune escape of LUAD cells partially through the circ₀009624‐mediated PD‐L1 pathway.

Background The Fructus Ligustri Lucidi, the fruit of Ligustrum lucidum , contains a variety of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, and secoiridoids. The proportions of these compounds vary greatly during the different fruit development periods of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi. However, a clear understanding of how the proportions of the compounds and their regulatory biosynthetic mechanisms change across the different fruit development periods of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi is still lacking. Results In this study, metabolite profiling and transcriptome analysis of six fruit development periods (45 DAF, 75 DAF, 112 DAF, 135 DAF, 170 DAF, and 195 DAF) were performed. Seventy compounds were tentatively identified, of which secoiridoids were the most abundant. Eleven identified compounds were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. A total of 103,058 unigenes were obtained from six periods of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi. Furthermore, candidate genes involved in triterpenoids, phenylethanols, and oleoside-type secoiridoid biosynthesis were identified and analyzed. The in vitro enzyme activities of nine glycosyltransferases involved in salidroside biosynthesis revealed that they can catalyze trysol and hydroxytyrosol to salidroside and hydroxylsalidroside. Conclusions These results provide valuable information to clarify the profile and molecular regulatory mechanisms of metabolite biosynthesis, and also in optimizing the harvest time of this fruit.

The roots and rhizomes of Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae), which is widely growing in Northern Europe, North America, and Siberia, have been used since ancient times to alleviate stress, fatigue, and mental and physical disorders. Phenolic compounds: phenylpropanoids rosavin, rosarin, and rosin, tyrosol glucoside salidroside, and tyrosol, are responsible for the biological action of R. rosea, exerting antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-aging, anti-fatigue activities. R. rosea extract formulations are used as alternative remedies to enhance mental and cognitive functions and protect the central nervous system and heart during stress. Recent studies indicate that R. rosea may be used to treat diabetes, cancer, and a variety of cardiovascular and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. This paper reviews the beneficial effects of the extract of R. rosea, its key active components, and their possible use in the treatment of chronic diseases. R. rosea represents an excellent natural remedy to address situations involving decreased performance, such as fatigue and a sense of weakness, particularly in the context of chronic diseases. Given the significance of mitochondria in cellular energy metabolism and their vulnerability to reactive oxygen species, future research should prioritize investigating the potential effects of R. rosea main bioactive phenolic compounds on mitochondria, thus targeting cellular energy supply and countering oxidative stress-related effects.

Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is reported to activate NLRP3 inflammasomes drive to pyroptosis, which is subsequently involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, sadly, the pathogenesis of AD has been relatively insufficiently elucidated. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore whether Salidroside (Sal) treatment could benefit AD by improving pyroptosis. Firstly, two animal models of AD, induced respectively by Aβ1-42 and D-galactose (D-gal)/AlCl3, have been created to assist our appreciation of AD pathophysiology. Then we confirmed the pyroptosis is related to the pathogenesis of AD, and Sal can slow the progression of AD by inhibiting pyroptosis. Subsequently, we established the D-gal and Nigericin-induced PC12 cells injury model in vitro to verify that Sal blocks pyroptosis mainly by targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome. For the in vivo studies, we observed that Aβ accumulation, Tau hyperphosphorylation, neurons of hippocampal damage, and cognitive dysfunction in AD mice, caused by bilateral injection of Aβ1-42 into the hippocampus and treatments with D-gal combine AlCl3. Besides, accumulated Aβ promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which leads to the activation and release of a pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Notably, decreased both Aβ accumulation and hyperphosphorylation of Tau and inhibited pyroptosis by downgrading the expression of IL-1β and IL-18 can be attributed to the treatment of Sal. We further found that Sal can reverse the increased protein expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, P-NF-κB, NLRP3, ASC, cleaved Caspase-1, cleaved GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18 in vitro. The underlying mechanism may be through inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway. Our study highlights the importance of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in AD, and how the administration of pharmacological doses of Sal can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and ameliorates AD. Thus, we conclude that NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis plays a significant role in AD and Sal could be a therapeutic drug for AD.

In this work, Liu et al. used metabolic engineering strategies to construct S. cerevisiae strains for high‐level production of tyrosol and salidroside from glucose. Finally, titers of 9.90 ± 0.06 g l−1 of tyrosol and 26.55 ± 0.43 g l−1 of salidroside were achieved in 5 l bioreactors, both are the highest titers reported to date. Summary Tyrosol and its glycosylated product salidroside are important ingredients in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and cosmetics. Despite the ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to naturally synthesize tyrosol, high yield from de novo synthesis remains a challenge. Here, we used metabolic engineering strategies to construct S. cerevisiae strains for high‐level production of tyrosol and salidroside from glucose. First, tyrosol production was unlocked from feedback inhibition. Then, transketolase and ribose‐5‐phosphate ketol‐isomerase were overexpressed to balance the supply of precursors. Next, chorismate synthase and chorismate mutase were overexpressed to maximize the aromatic amino acid flux towards tyrosol synthesis. Finally, the competing pathway was knocked out to further direct the carbon flux into tyrosol synthesis. Through a combination of these interventions, tyrosol titres reached 702.30 ± 0.41 mg l−1 in shake flasks, which were approximately 26‐fold greater than that of the WT strain. RrU8GT33 from Rhodiola rosea was also applied to cells and maximized salidroside production from tyrosol in S. cerevisiae. Salidroside titres of 1575.45 ± 19.35 mg l−1 were accomplished in shake flasks. Furthermore, titres of 9.90 ± 0.06 g l−1 of tyrosol and 26.55 ± 0.43 g l−1 of salidroside were achieved in 5 l bioreactors, both are the highest titres reported to date. The synergistic engineering strategies presented in this study could be further applied to increase the production of high value‐added aromatic compounds derived from the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway in S. cerevisiae.