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Kirikkale Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Parazitoloji Anabilim Dali Laboratuvari'na ayni fakültenin bir ögrencisi tarafindan tüyleri üzerinde çok sayida siyah renkli akarlarin bulundugu sikâyeti ile 3-4 aylik erkek bir kobay getirilmistir. Mikroskobik muayene sonucu bu akarin Chirodiscoides caviae oldugu belirlenmistir. Bu olgu Türkiye'de ilk kez bildirilmistir. Hayvan fipronil ile tedavi edilmistir.

Kirikkale Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Parazitoloji Anabilim Dali Laboratuvari'na ayni fakültenin bir ögrencisi tarafindan tüyleri üzerinde çok sayida siyah renkli akarlarin bulundugu sikâyeti ile 3-4 aylik erkek bir kobay getirilmistir. Mikroskobik muayene sonucu bu akarin Chirodiscoides caviae oldugu belirlenmistir. Bu olgu Türkiye'de ilk kez bildirilmistir. Hayvan fipronil ile tedavi edilmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Cavia porcellus, Chirodiscoides caviae, fipronil, kobay, tüy akari, Kirikkale, Türkiye Kirikkale University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Parasitology Department Laboratory has brought a male kobay for 3-4 months with the complaint having a large number of black mites on his hair by a student of the same school. Microscopic examination revealed that this mite was Chirodiscoides caviae. These cases were reported for the first time in Turkey. The animal has been treated with fipronil. Keywords: Cavia porcellus, Chirodiscoides caviae, feather mite, fipronil, guinea pig, Kirikkale, Turkey

Bu olgu sunumu; özel bir klinige huzursuzluk ve kasinti sebebiyle götürülen 2 yasinda, erkek, Rottweiler irki bir köpekte tespit edilen Linognathus setosus (von Olfers, 1816) hakkinda bilgi vermek amaciyla hazirlanmistir. Ektoparazitler yönünden muayenesi yapilan köpegin özellikle bas, boyun ve sirt bölgelerinde bitlere rastlanmistir. Köpek üzerinden 4 disi, 2 erkek ve 9 nimf olmak üzere 15 bit toplanmistir. Toplanan bitler %70 etanol (C2H5OH) içeren eppendorf tüplere konularak tür identifikasyonu için Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dali'na gönderilmistir. Gönderilen bitler laboratuvarda %10 potasyum hidroksit solüsyonunda saydamlastirilip alkol serilerinden (%70 - %99 etanol) geçirildikten sonra Kanada balsam ile lam üzerine yapistirilmis ve mikroskobik olarak incelenmistir. Bitler L. setosus olarak teshis edilmistir. Bu türün Türkiye'de görüldügü bildirilmekle birlikte; morfolojik yapisi, biyolojisi ve yayginligiyla ilgili herhangi bir makaleye rastlanmamistir. Bu nedenle bu alanda çalisan bilim insanlari ve veteriner hekimleri bilgilendirmek amaciyla L.setosus'un morfolojik özellikleri hakkinda ayrintili bilgi verilmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Anoplura, kan emici bit, köpek, Linognathidae, Rottweiler This case report was prepared to give information about Linognathus setosus (von Olfers, 1816) detected on a 2-year-old male Rottweiler breed dog which was brought to a private veterinary clinic due to restlessness and itching. Lice were found especially on the head, neck and back regions of the dog in the examination for ectoparasites. Four female, 2 male and 9 nymph lice were collected from dog. The collected lice were preserved in eppendorf tubes containing 70% ethanol ([C.sub.2][H.sub.5]OH) and were sent to the Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Selçuk University for species identification. In the laboratory, the lice were left to be transparent in a 10% potassium hydroxide solution and passed through a series of alcohols (70% - 99% ethanol), glued onto the slide with Canadian balsam and examined microscopically. Lice were identified as L. setosus. Although this species has been reported in Turkey, there is no article about its morphological structure, biology and prevalence. Therefore, detailed informations about the morphological features of L. setosus are given to inform veterinarians and scientists working in this field. Keywords: Anoplura, blood-sucking louse, dog, Linognathidae, Rottweiler

Canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis), a filarial parasite endemic in many countries worldwide, can cause life-threatening disease in dogs if left untreated. Two laboratory studies and one field study were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Credelio Quattro, a novel chewable tablet containing moxidectin in combination with lotilaner, praziquantel and pyrantel, for the prevention of heartworm disease caused by D. immitis. In the laboratory studies, dogs were inoculated with 50 D. immitis L3 larvae on Day - 30. Eight dogs per group were randomized to receive either a placebo or Credelio Quattro at the minimum effective dosage of 0.02 mg/kg moxidectin, 20 mg/kg lotilaner, 5 mg/kg praziquantel, and 5 mg/kg pyrantel on Day 0. One of the studies also included a lotilaner-only treated group to demonstrate non-interference. Efficacy was evaluated 150 days post-inoculation utilizing adult heartworm counts collected at necropsy. The field study enrolled client-owned dogs, [greater than or equal to] 8 eight weeks of age, weighing at least 1.5 kg, from 13 geographically diverse veterinary clinics throughout the USA. Dogs were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either Credelio Quattro or a positive control product, Simparica Trio.sup.® (moxidectin/sarolaner/pyrantel), at the recommended label dosages for 11 consecutive months. Efficacy was evaluated on Day 330 by assessing the detection of adult heartworm infections using antigen and microfilarial tests. In both laboratory studies, no adult heartworms were collected from any of the dogs treated with a single dose of Credelio Quattro. In contrast, all dogs treated with placebo (range 13-40) or lotilaner-only (range 9-42) had adults present. A total of 372 dogs were enrolled in the field study (191 Credelio Quattro, 181 Simparica Trio). At the end of the study, no dogs from either treatment group tested positive for adult heartworms. Credelio Quattro was well tolerated in all studies. The laboratory studies demonstrated Credelio Quattro as 100% effective for the prevention of heartworm disease caused by D. immitis in dogs. Additionally, no dogs in the field study tested positive for adult heartworm infection after 11 consecutive monthly doses of Credelio Quattro.

Medicines for the treatment of 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections are urgently needed. However, drug screening using live 2019-nCoV requires high-level biosafety facilities, which imposes an obstacle for those institutions without such facilities or 2019-nCoV. This study aims to repurpose the clinically approved drugs for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a 2019-nCoV-related coronavirus model. A 2019-nCoV-related pangolin coronavirus GX_P2V/pangolin/2017/Guangxi was described. Whether GX_P2V uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the cell receptor was investigated by using small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of ACE2. The pangolin coronavirus model was used to identify drug candidates for treating 2019-nCoV infection. Two libraries of 2406 clinically approved drugs were screened for their ability to inhibit cytopathic effects on Vero E6 cells by GX_P2V infection. The anti-viral activities and anti-viral mechanisms of potential drugs were further investigated. Viral yields of RNAs and infectious particles were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and plaque assay, respectively. The spike protein of coronavirus GX_P2V shares 92.2% amino acid identity with that of 2019-nCoV isolate Wuhan-hu-1, and uses ACE2 as the receptor for infection just like 2019-nCoV. Three drugs, including cepharanthine (CEP), selamectin, and mefloquine hydrochloride, exhibited complete inhibition of cytopathic effects in cell culture at 10 μmol/L. CEP demonstrated the most potent inhibition of GX_P2V infection, with a concentration for 50% of maximal effect [EC50] of 0.98 μmol/L. The viral RNA yield in cells treated with 10 μmol/L CEP was 15,393-fold lower than in cells without CEP treatment ([6.48 ± 0.02] × 10vs. 1.00 ± 0.12, t = 150.38, P < 0.001) at 72 h post-infection (p.i.). Plaque assays found no production of live viruses in media containing 10 μmol/L CEP at 48 h p.i. Furthermore, we found CEP had potent anti-viral activities against both viral entry (0.46 ± 0.12, vs.1.00 ± 0.37, t = 2.42, P < 0.05) and viral replication ([6.18 ± 0.95] × 10vs. 1.00 ± 0.43, t = 3.98, P < 0.05). Our pangolin coronavirus GX_P2V is a workable model for 2019-nCoV research. CEP, selamectin, and mefloquine hydrochloride are potential drugs for treating 2019-nCoV infection. Our results strongly suggest that CEP is a wide-spectrum inhibitor of pan-betacoronavirus, and further study of CEP for treatment of 2019-nCoV infection is warranted.

Credelio Quattro (lotilaner, moxidectin, praziquantel, and pyrantel chewable tablets) is a novel endectocide for monthly oral administration in dogs. The safety of Credelio Quattro was investigated in dogs with pre-existing patent heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infections. Heartworm preventive products are tested in heartworm-positive dogs as rapid microfilarial and adult worm death can lead to serious clinical reactions, including death. This was a gender-stratified, randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, parallel group design study. Prior to study, dogs were surgically implanted with 10 male and 10 female adult D. immitis worms (Georgia III isolate). After confirming a patent infection, dogs were randomized into three groups (placebo control, 1×, or 3× the maximum recommended labeled dose of Credelio Quattro) consisting of eight dogs each. Treatment was administered on three consecutive monthly occasions. The assessment of safety was based on body weight, physical examinations, clinical observations on the days of dosing, general health observations, microfilariae (MF) counts, and D. immitis antigen testing. On the last day of study, the heart, lungs, and pleural and peritoneal cavities were examined for adult D. immitis worms. Credelio Quattro was well tolerated. Emesis occurred in the 3× group only. Diarrhea was observed in all groups at various times throughout the study. Owing to the timing of events relative to dosing, emesis and diarrhea were possibly related to treatment; however, all dogs recovered quickly and without treatment. No signs of avermectin toxicity or hypersensitivity reactions were observed in any dog. Compared with control, Credelio Quattro reduced the concentration of circulating MF on study day 1 by 38.8% for the 1× group and significantly reduced MF by 73.3% for the 3× group. MF reduction remained significant for both groups at all subsequent time points. Credelio Quattro, when administered at 1× and 3× the maximum recommended label dose, was well tolerated following three consecutive monthly administrations to heartworm-positive dogs. Although Credelio Quattro caused a rapid reduction in microfilaria counts, no adverse effects related to microfilaria reduction were observed, and there was no effect on adult worms in this study.

Fleas are one of the most frequently reported ectoparasites affecting birds and mammals. However, reports on captive nonhuman primates are extremely rare and lack details. This case report describes, in detail, the first case of a natural flea infestation by Ctenocephalides felis in a captive colony of common marmosets. The successful treatment of all the animals was achieved by using a combination of repeated topical administration of imidacloprid three weeks apart and decontamination of the animal enclosures. Reinfestation was prevented by stopping stray cats from entering the laundry rooms. Fleas are ectoparasites affecting many animal species but reports in captive nonhuman primates are rare and mainly concern pet monkeys. Moreover, to the authors’ knowledge, a detailed report on marmosets is not known at present. This case describes the clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of a flea infestation by Ctenocephalides felis in a captive colony of common marmosets. Fleas, flea feces and skin lesions were identified on two animals during annual health screening. Subsequently, the entire colony was examined, and nearly half of the colony showed signs of infestation. Consequently, treatment was initiated for the entire colony and the environment. Animals received two topical administrations of imidacloprid (5 mg for animals <200 g and 10 mg for animals weighing >200 g) three weeks apart, and their enclosures were decontaminated using vaporizers containing permethrin, piperonyl butoxide, and pyriproxyfen. Subsequently, skin lesions were resolved and no evidence of fleas were noticed. No side effects of the treatment were observed. Stray cats were identified as the source of the infestation. Their access to the animal-related rooms was stopped. No reinfestation has been reported for 3 years. The topical application of imidacloprid appeared effective with no adverse events occurring, so may be appropriate for use in other non-human primates.

Case summary A 10-year-old spayed female Russian Blue cat was presented with a 3-month history of excessive otic discharge and scratching, only involving the right ear. Other than a moderate amount of ceruminous exudate present within the right ear on video-otoscopic examination, there were no other cutaneous abnormalities. The cat was deemed to be otherwise in good health based on physical examination and several laboratory profiles. A diagnosis of otodemodicosis was determined due to the presence of a large number of Demodex cati mites retrieved from cerumen. Treatment consisted only of monthly topical application of sarolaner/selamectin to the nape of the neck with a marked reduction in mite counts and otic pruritus after a single dose. Complete resolution was achieved after a total of four doses. Relevance and novel information This is the first report to describe the resolution of mite infestation owing to D cati after treatment with a sarolaner-containing spot-on product. In addition, to the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first report of any isoxazoline product used in the successful treatment of demodicosis affecting the ear canal. In general, there is a lack of reports describing safe and effective treatments for feline otodemodicosis. Topically applied sarolaner/selamectin resulted in resolution of mites while avoiding any potential ototoxic events from medications applied directly into the ear, and provided a treatment that was easier to apply than oral or injectable macrocyclic lactones.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern in the 21st century, especially due to drug resistance, coinfection with diseases like immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and coronavirus disease 2019, and the lengthy and costly treatment protocols. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of TB infection, therapeutic targets, and corresponding modulators, including first‐line medications, current clinical trial drugs and molecules in preclinical assessment. Understanding the mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) infection and important biological targets can lead to innovative treatments. While most antitubercular agents target pathogen‐related processes, host‐directed therapy (HDT) modalities addressing immune defense, survival mechanisms, and immunopathology also hold promise. Mtb ’s adaptation to the human host involves manipulating host cellular mechanisms, and HDT aims to disrupt this manipulation to enhance treatment effectiveness. Our review provides valuable insights for future anti‐TB drug development efforts.