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Historians of the U.S. Southwest invariably rely on English-language translations of original Spanish documents for their interpretive work. However, a philological approach to the Spanish documents reveals all manner of translator shortcomings, some of which negatively impact the historical record. I document one such instance pertaining to the early history of Texas and argue that the failure to adhere to sound philological practice has produced an inaccurate historical canon. Data are taken from a Spanish expedition diary from the late 17th-century and from unpublished archival sources pertaining to it.

Historians of the U.S. Southwest invariably rely on English-language translations of original Spanish documents for their interpretive work. However, a philological approach to the Spanish documents reveals all manner of translator shortcomings, some of which negatively impact the historical record. I document one such instance pertaining to the early history of Texas and argue that the failure to adhere to sound philological practice has produced an inaccurate historical canon. Data are taken from a Spanish expedition diary from the late 17th-century and from unpublished archival sources pertaining to it.

Developing a relativistic concept of the pre-modern archive, this article considers the relationship between knowledge inside and outside the archive to determine how Spain’s historical documents about its new American territories were kept and used. The starting assumption is that collections of documents about the Spanish Conquista circulated among people and were not permanently stored within fixed archival spaces, such as small lockable cases ( arcas ), private collections of documents ( archivillos ), or the actual state archives ( archivos ). This article thus re-evaluates the state of knowledge about the new American territories of Spain and its distribution across various archives and collections. It draws particular attention to the use of historical documents by official chroniclers of Spain and historians of the Conquista of the Spanish Americas.

The aim of this research is to analyse the role of a paradigm of discourse markers—the consecutive connectors—in the Spanish of 17th-century colonial documents. We intend to show how their variation in the stylistic continuum is due to the different communicative situations in which they can be produced. The methodology and approaches considered comprise the oral and written variational axis, the grammaticalisation process as a linguistic change and the traditional dichotomy between the semasiological and onomasiological perspectives. The analysis of discourse markers is restricted to three units: y así , por lo qual and conque , chosen because of the different uses that they show in a corpus composed of 22 cartas oficiales (official letters) and 22 informaciones de oficio y parte (informations pertaining to service to the Spanish kingdom) from the districts governed by the audience of Quito.

Because of expected women's roles in early modern Spain, scholars from various fields, such as historian Luis Martin, have regarded the first generation of non-religious Spanish, Indian, and Mestizo women in South America mainly as homemakers who facilitated daily life for their conquistador spouses and children. Yet Irene Silverblatt points out, \"The Spanish could understand the world they conquered only through the categories and perceptions that their culture provided\" (xxii). [...] the gender parallelism that was established in the European social world was brought to the Americas and applied to Indigenous women.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Linguistic features of Andean Spanish Sociolinguistic profile of Andean Spanish Final remarks References

The Philippine Islands 1493–1898 was a compilation of documents translated from the Spanish and edited by Emma H. Blair and James A. Robertson. The former was the brains behind the project. The editors received assistance from a reviewer, one James A. LeRoy, who introduced himself as an expert in Philippine matters. The personal correspondence amongst the three persons showed how The Philippine Islands 1493–1898 was constructed. Blair fully trusted LeRoy's knowledge and consulted him with doubts about translation. In turn, LeRoy advised Robertson to select documents for publication and warned him about unreliable Spanish, Filipino and English scholars. The correspondence helps to explain how The Philippine Islands 1493–1898 developed into a political tool in the service of the United States in order to explain the problems the Americans confronted in their new colony – a Spanish inheritance and the difficulties of training uneducated Filipinos for self-government.

ABSTRACT IN SPANISH: Gracias a su prestigio, el latín desempeñó un papel protagónico en el mundo occidental, desplegándose por vastos territorios, los cuales incluyen las colonias españolas de América. Durante el período virreinal en América, el latín no solo fue lengua de la Iglesia sino también de la universidad y por ende, de la cultura y erudición. Desafortunadamente, no se han realizado hasta la fecha estudios detallados de la producción literaria latina en el Perú colonial. En este trabajo delineo la trayectoria del latín hasta nuestros tiempos y, en base a documentos escritos en latín y latin/español por autores peruanos y publicados en Lima durante el Virreinato del Perú (1535-1821), analizo la importancia de la lengua latina en la sociedad colonial americana, específicamente la sociedad colonial peruana. // ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: Thanks to its prestige, Latin played a leading role in the western world, spreading throughout vast territories, which include the Spanish colonies in America. During the Spanish viceroyal period in America, Latin played an important role as the language not only of the church but also of the university, and thus as the language of culture and erudition. Unfortunately, the literary production in Latin in colonial Peru has not been studied in detail. In this paper I trace the trajectory of Latin up to our times, and, working from documents written by Peruvian authors and published in Lima at the time of the viceroyship of Peru (1535-1821), I analyze the importance of the Latin language in colonial society in the Americas, and specifically in Peruvian colonial society. Reprinted by permission of the Vervuert Verlagsgesellschaft

ABSTRACT IN SPANISH: En este estudio hemos demostrado cómo la unidad social \"Cacicazgo de Codpa\" fue una construcción colonial del siglo XVII como resultado de la acción histórica complementaria de fuerzas sociales relacionadas, pero independientes en sus intereses que, sin embargo, coincidieron en un proceso que fue conveniente para campesinos andinos de diversos orígenes. El documento que publicamos, junto con el estudio, forman parte de una cadena de textos similares o comparables. Sin intentar un listado completo, está en la línea de la \"Revisita de los Altos de Arica\" realizada por el oficial real Joaquín de Cárdenas en 1750 y que publicamos en forma completa en una modesta edición de 100 ejemplares a mimeógrafo en 1978. Ambas revisitas se suceden en el tiempo luego de 22 años y se aplican al mismo conjunto social y geográfico. Esta revisita es comparable con las revisitas realizadas contemporáneamente a otros cacicazgos por el mismo Egan, en el Corregimiento de Arica, lo que permite analizar las conductas y políticas de este corregidor así como tener una visión del conjunto del Corregimiento. El valor de los documentos históricos radica en la información que contienen con relación a una determinada sociedad en el tiempo. En este sentido, el documento que publicamos contiene gran cantidad de información demográfica y de la organización política para el o los años de la encuesta (segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. //ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: In this study we demonstrate that the social unit named the 'Chiefdom of Codpa' was a colonial construction of the 17th century, as a consequence of interrelated but independent social forces that merge in a social process that was convenient for the Andean farmers of different origin that integrated this community. Along with this study we publish a colonial document, which is part of a series of other document of similar nature, as the 'Revisita en los Altos de Arica' carried out by the royal officer Joaquín de Cárdenas in 1750, published in a modest edition of 100 copies, in 1978. Both revisitas are separated in time by 22 years, and took place in the same geographic and social setting. The revisita of Egan to Codpa is comparable with contemporaneous inspections to other chiefdoms in the Corregimiento of Arica realized by this Corregidor, and allow us to analyze the politics and behavior of this personage, as well as to shed light on the social condition of the Corregimiento in general. The value of historic documents emanates from the information they contain regarded to a particular society in time. The document we publish here contains a great amount of demographic information as well as issues linked to political organization in the colonial time covered by the document (second half of 18th century).

En este trabajo se estudian dos documentos cuyos emisores son pardos. El primero es la declaración de un pardo ante un tribunal, el segundo un pasquín anónimo de los esclavos de Caracas, donde éstos presionan con el fin de que se publicara una cédula del Rey de España a su favor. Gracias a que la ortografia de la lengua no estaba aún fijada definitivamente, pueden hacerse algunas observaciones en relación al hecho de que ambos documentos revelan el fonetismo de la lengua española en su variedad meridional, y son testimonios del para entonces bien constituido español de América. El análisis discursivo devela diferencias notables entre ambos documentos. El primero de ellos es un documento público, correspondiente al derecho privado. El segundo de ellos (el pasquín), aunque cumple igualmente con la finalidad de informar, representa un texto político, altamente pasional, que tiene la función de mover a sus receptores a la resistencia contra los blancos locales. Se trata de un temprano documento político -escrito posiblemente por un pardo- que muestra abierta protesta en contra de la desinformación en que la población blanca mantenía a los esclavos. Reprinted by permission of the Vervuert Verlagsgesellschaft