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Democratic Backsliding and the Balance Wheel Hypothesis: Partisanship and State Funding for Higher Education in the United States
The balance wheel hypothesis—a classic tenet of USA state-level policy analysis that suggests state funding for higher education varies in response to macroeconomic cycles—has held up to scrutiny over time. However, new social conditions within the Republican Party, namely growing hostility toward independent institutions, call for a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between state budgets and higher education. Drawing on recent research in political science and political economy, we conceptualize declining state appropriations to higher education in Republican-dominated U.S. states as an instance of democratic backsliding. Using a panel of state-level data we found that political partisanship conditioned state appropriations to higher education during and after the Great Recession. Our finding that the balance wheel operated differently in states with and without unified Republican control not only suggests partisan hostility toward higher education is a potentially worrisome indicator of democratic backsliding, but also the importance of updating models to consider the extent to which they still hold as contexts change over time.
Journal Article
Under The Law: Oklahoma
In June 2023, the Oklahoma Virtual Charter School Board approved the establishment of a charter school by the Catholic Archdiocese of Oklahoma City. This amounts to state funding of a religious school. Robert Kim discusses how this decision goes against Oklahoma’s constitutional and legislative history, why allowing religious charters is not the same as allowing vouchers for religious schools, and the potential implications of allowing direct state funding of religious schools.
Journal Article
Good & plenty : the creative successes of American arts funding
\"In this book, Tyler Cowen argues why the U.S. way of funding the arts, while largely indirect, results not in the terrible and the small but in Good and Plenty - and how it could result in even more and better.\" \"Few would deny that America produces and consumes art of a quantity and quality comparable to that of any country. But is this despite or because of America's meager direct funding of the arts relative to European countries? Overturning the conventional wisdom of this question, Cowen argues that American art thrives through an ingenious combination of small direct subsidies and immense indirect subsidies such as copyright law and tax policies that encourage nonprofits and charitable giving. This decentralized and even somewhat accidental - but decidedly not laissez-faire - system results in arts that are arguably more creative, diverse, abundant, and politically unencumbered than that of Europe. Good and Plenty is essential reading for anyone concerned about the arts or their funding.\"--Jacket.
BOOK
Under the Law: Public schools, religion, and equality after Carson v. Makin
In Carson v. Makin, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that, if a state offers tuition assistance for students to attend private schools, then requiring that those private schools be nonsectarian violates the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. Robert Kim discusses how this case aligns with other decisions related to the free exercise of religion as it applies to public schools and what it could mean for schools going forward. Carson v. Makin, he explains, is one of several cases that open the door for states to fund religious education. At the same time, recent cases show that these schools may be allowed to discriminate against students and teachers while continuing to receive state funds.
Journal Article
Wrestling the Two-Headed Hydra: On the Consequences of the Bifurcated Concept of “Undertaking” in EU Competition Law
The evolution of the CJEU’s jurisprudence has led to the emergence of a distinct, sector-specific notion of economic activity in the context of services delivered within public healthcare systems. This interpretation diverges markedly from the general framework applied in other sectors. This form of conceptual dualism lacks a clear normative foundation in the provisions of the TFEU and poses a potential challenge to the integrity of the role assigned to services of general economic interest under both the Treaty and established CJEU case law. Significantly, the exclusion of practically all activities within public healthcare systems from the ambit of EU competition law has the potential to generate significant distortions of competition. This is particularly relevant in the context of healthcare systems, such as that of Poland, which exhibit a mixed structure and where public and private providers engage in substantial competition.
Journal Article
A Typology of State Financial Aid Grant Programs Using Latent Class Analysis
State financial aid grant programs are commonly categorized as either need-based, merit-based, or both, but their initial eligibility requirements include many more factors than just financial need and academic merit. A categorization of programs that accounts for all requirements would facilitate a more nuanced and precise understanding of state grant programs. We used latent class analysis to organize 354 grant programs into a five-category typology to better understand the variations and patterns in programs. Need and merit proved important in the typology, but two of the new categories of programs were defined by other eligibility requirements. Implications for future research and policymaking are discussed.
Journal Article