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The reduction of noises, achieved through absorption, is of paramount importance to the well‐being of both humans and machines. Lattice structures, defined as architectured porous solids arranged in repeating patterns, are emerging as advanced sound‐absorbing materials. Their immense design freedom allows for customizable pore morphology and interconnectivity, enabling the design of specific absorption properties. Thus far, the sound absorption performance of various types of lattice structures are studied and they demonstrated favorable properties compared to conventional materials. Herein, this review gives a thorough overview on the current research status, and characterizations for lattice structures in terms of acoustics is proposed. Till date, there are four main sound absorption mechanisms associated with lattice structures. Despite their complexity, lattice structures can be accurately modelled using acoustical impedance models that focus on critical acoustical geometries. Four defining features: morphology, relative density, cell size, and number of cells, have significant influences on the acoustical geometries and hence sound wave dissipation within the lattice. Drawing upon their structural‐property relationships, a classification of lattice structures into three distinct types in terms of acoustics is proposed. It is proposed that future attentions can be placed on new design concepts, advanced materials selections, and multifunctionalities. Herein, the current progress, structural‐property relationships, underlying mechanisms, and offer insights into the future prospects of lattice structures is critically reviewed for sound absorption. Notably, novel classifications for sound‐absorbing lattices are being forwarded based on their structural characteristics and associated mechanisms. Building upon these, suggestions are put forth for future structural designs and propose innovative directions for further exploration.

A lanthanum oxide (La2O3)-ZnO nanostructured material was synthesized in the proposed study with different La2O3 concentrations, 0.001 g to 5 g (named So to S7), using the combustion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were utilized for investigating the structure, morphology, and spectral studies of the La2O3- ZnO nanomaterials, respectively. The results obtained from previous techniques support ZnO’s growth from crystalline to nanoparticles’ fine structure by changing the concentrations of lanthanum oxide (La2O3) dopants in the host matrix. The percentage of ZnO doped with La- influences the ZnO photocatalytic activity. SEM analysis confirmed the grain size ranged between 81 and 138 nm. Furthermore, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was performed to verify the effects of La2O3 dopants on the linear optical properties of the nano-composite oxides. There was a variation in the energy bandgaps of La2O3-ZnO nanocomposites, increasing the weight concentrations of lanthanum dopants. The AC electrical conductivity, dielectric properties, and current–voltage properties support the enactment of the electrical characteristics of the ZnO nanoparticles by adding La2O3. All the samples under investigation were used for photodegradation with Rhodamine B (RhB) and Methylene Blue (MB). In less than 30 min of visible light irradiation, S4 (0.5 g) La2O3-ZnO reached 99% of RhB and MB degradation activity. This study showed the best photocatalytic effect for RhB and MB degradation of 0.13 and 0.11 min−1 by 0.5 g La2O3-ZnO. Recycling was performed five times for the nanocatalysts that displayed up to 98 percent catalytic efficiency for RhB and MB degradation in 30 min. The prepared La2O3-ZnO nanostructured composites are considered novel candidates for various applications in biomedical and photocatalytic studies.

The structural characteristics of the soil dominate macro-mechanical behaviors. The features of loess in geological engineering contexts are related to its structural properties. Hence, quantitative studies of loess’ structural properties have been widely undertaken. In this study, a novel structural parameter—stress ratio sensitivity ( S η )—has been proposed, based on the concept of mechanical sensitivity by considering the stress ratio characteristics of undisturbed and remolded loess. The rationality of the S η parameter was validated via the performance of triaxial shear tests on samples with different water contents. The results suggest that the value of S η decreases first and then stabilizes as the strain increases, and here, its value converged towards, but was always larger than 1. The S η –strain curves herein can be divided into three stages: rapidly decreasing, slowly decreasing, and stable state. A higher water content in the sample corresponds to a lower rate of decrease in S η . Furthermore, the initial value of the structural parameter ( S ηo ) was obtained via the fitting of data onto the rapidly decreasing stage of the S η –strain curves, which could be referred to evaluate the initial structural state of loess. Increasing confining pressure and water content reduced both the S η and S ηo values significantly. Variations in loess’ structural properties have been attributed to changes in cohesion, whose difference reflected the loss in structural property due to remolding compared with the original. As the cohesion difference ( ∆ c ′ ) increases, the value of the S ηo increases exponentially . The S η can reasonably describe the evolution of loess’ structural properties under different loading conditions, and provide a new idea for quantitatively illustrating the relationship between the structural characteristics and macro-mechanical behavior of loess.

As mining activities are expected to develop at greater depths, seismic responses to the blasting of development drift segments are expected to increase and present a greater hazard. A database of 379 development blasts was created for a mining site, recording seismic responses related to these blasts and rock mass structural and geologic properties associated with the drift segment. A random forest, multivariate statistical predictive model was developed with 75% of the drift segments. The model's performance was validated by analyzing 100 drift segments that were not used to create the model. The improved understanding of the variation in the intensity of seismic responses to development blasting through the sum of the seismic moment of the events is a clear benefit of random forest model development for the case study. In addition, the development of the predictive random forest model provides a tool for decision-makers to select performance criteria thresholds that they deem acceptable. The threshold selected would depend on the risk appetite of the decision-makers. The proposed approach provides quantitative data on the distribution of seismic hazards associated with development blasting which managers can rely on. Combining the proposed approach with current seismic protocols used at different mine sites could improve our management of seismic risk associated with development blasting. Using the predictive model for the sector and period studied has shown a potential to increase the accuracy, sensitivity, and precision for anticipating a high-intensity seismic response to a development blast.HighlightsThis paper demonstrates the potential benefits of considering geologic and structural properties of the rock mass for managing seismic hazards associated with development blasting.The paper shows how developing predictive random forest models could be used to understand, manage, and communicate the seismic hazard related to blasting of development drift.The random forest models developed with the training data were used to establish thresholds for different risk levels. These thresholds were then applied to the test data to evaluate the actual performance of the models in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, precision, and F1-score at different risk appetite levels.Using the predictive model for the studied period could have increased the accuracy, sensitivity, and precision for anticipating a high-intensity seismic response to a development blast (log (ΣM0)).

Background Topologically associating domains (TADs) are genomic regions with varying lengths. The interactions within TADs are more frequent than those between different TADs. TADs or sub-TADs are considered the structural and functional units of the mammalian genomes. Although TADs are important for understanding how genomes function, we have limited knowledge about their 3D structural properties. Results In this study, we designed and benchmarked three metrics for capturing the three-dimensional and two-dimensional structural signatures of TADs, which can help better understand TADs’ structural properties and the relationships between structural properties and genetic and epigenetic features. The first metric for capturing 3D structural properties is radius of gyration, which in this study is used to measure the spatial compactness of TADs. The mass value of each DNA bead in a 3D structure is novelly defined as one or more genetic or epigenetic feature(s). The second metric is folding degree. The last metric is exponent parameter, which is used to capture the 2D structural properties based on TADs’ Hi-C contact matrices. In general, we observed significant correlations between the three metrics and the genetic and epigenetic features. We made the same observations when using H3K4me3, transcription start sites, and RNA polymerase II to represent the mass value in the modified radius-of-gyration metric. Moreover, we have found that the TADs in the clusters of depleted chromatin states apparently correspond to smaller exponent parameters and larger radius of gyrations. In addition, a new objective function of multidimensional scaling for modelling chromatin or TADs 3D structures was designed and benchmarked, which can handle the DNA bead-pairs with zero Hi-C contact values. Conclusions The web server for reconstructing chromatin 3D structures using multiple different objective functions and the related source code are publicly available at http://dna.cs.miami.edu/3DChrom/ .

The main objective of this work was to detail out how to obtain important parameters in the structural analysis of materials with perovskite structure in order to help beginning researchers in this area. In particular, a thorough comparative and investigative study of the effect of ionic radius on the structural properties of orthochromites RCrO3 (R = La, Gd, Y) were presented. It is observed that the b and c lattice parameters increased, whereas a lattice parameter decreased as the ionic radius increased. Consequently, an increase in the unit-cell volume and tolerance factor was observed. The angles and bond lengths increased with an increase in the ionic radius, albeit the inclination angle, as well as the rotation angle, tends to decrease. The distortion parameter suffered a fluctuation in its value according to the increasing ionic radius. Lastly, Williamson-Hall (W-H) analysis caused a decrement in the strain according to decreasing ionic radius.

Different thicknesses (150 250 and 350) ±20 nm has been deposited on the glass substrate and nSi wafer to fabricate ZnTe/n-Si heterojunction solar cell by vacuum evaporation technique Structural optical electrical and photovoltaic properties are investigated for the samples. The structural characteristics studied via X ray analyses indicated that the films are polycrystalline besides having a cubic (zinc blende) structure also average diameter and surface roughness calculated from AFM images The optical measurements of the deposited films were performed in different thicknesses to determine the transmission spectrum as a function of incident wavelength in the range of wavelength (4001000) nm and the optical energy gap calculated from the optical absorption spectra was found to reduse with thickness The IV characteristic at (dark and illuminated) and CV measurement for ZnTe/n-Si heterojunction shows the good rectifying behaviour under dark condition. The measurements of opencircuit voltage (VOC) short-circuit current density (JSC) fill factor (FF) and quantum fficiencies of the ZnTe/n-Si heterojunction are calculated for all samples The results of these studies are presented and discussed in this paper.

Amanda J. Carr provides tips on using X-rays to probe interface ions.

The complex structure of wood, one of the most abundant biomaterials on Earth, has been optimized over 270 million years of tree evolution. This optimization has led to the highly efficient water and nutrient transport, mechanical stability and durability of wood. The unique material structure and pronounced anisotropy of wood endows it with an array of remarkable properties, yielding opportunities for the design of functional materials. In this Review, we provide a materials and structural perspective on how wood can be redesigned via structural engineering, chemical and/or thermal modification to alter its mechanical, fluidic, ionic, optical and thermal properties. These modifications enable a diverse range of applications, including the development of high-performance structural materials, energy storage and conversion, environmental remediation, nanoionics, nanofluidics, and light and thermal management. We also highlight advanced characterization and computational-simulation approaches for understanding the structure–property–function relationships of natural and modified wood, as well as informing bio-inspired synthetic designs. In addition, we provide our perspective on the future directions of wood research and the challenges and opportunities for industrialization. The porous hierarchical structure and anisotropy of wood make it a strong candidate for the design of materials with various functions, including load bearing, multiscale mass transport, and optical and thermal management. In this Review, the composition, structure, characterization methods, modification strategies, properties and applications of natural and modified wood are discussed.

We have developed Pranav Quasi Gamma Distribution (PQGD) as a mixture of Pranav distribution ( θ ) and Quasi Gamma distribution (2, θ ). We obtained various necessary statistical characteristics of PQGD. The flexibility of proposed model is clear from graph of hazard function. The reliability measures of proposed model are also obtained. Sample estimates of unknown parameters are obtained by making use of maximum likelihood estimation method. We have also carried out the simulation study for comparing our model with its related models. We then tested the significance of mixing parameter. Finally, applications to real-life data sets is presented to examine the significance of newly introduced model.