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The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the periprostatic adipose tissue thickness (PPATT) is an independent prognostic factor for prostate cancer patients after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP). This retrospective cohort study included consecutive prostate cancer patients who underwent LRP treatment at Wuhan Union Hospital from June 2, 2016, to September 7, 2023. PPATT was defined as the thickness of periprostatic fat and was obtained by measuring the shortest vertical distance from the pubic symphysis to the prostate on the midsagittal T2-weighted MR images. Subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SATT) was obtained by measuring the shortest vertical distance from the pubic symphysis to the skin at the same slice with PPATT. The primary outcome of the study was biochemical recurrence (BCR), and the secondary outcome was overall survival (OS). Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to identify independent prognostic factors for prostate cancer survival and prognosis. Based on the optimal cutoff value, 162 patients were divided into a low PPATT/SATT group (n = 82) and a high PPATT/SATT group (n = 80). During the entire follow-up period (median 23.5 months), 26 patients in the high PPATT/SATT group experienced BCR (32.5%), compared to 18 in the low PPATT/SATT group (22.0%). Kaplan–Meier curve analysis indicated that the interval to BCR was significantly shorter in the high PPATT/SATT group ( P  = 0.037). Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that an increase in the PPATT/SATT ratio was associated with BCR (hazard ratio: 1.90, 95% CI, 1.03–3.51; P  = 0.040). The PPATT/SATT ratio is a significant independent risk factor for BCR after LRP for prostate cancer patients.

Objective: To compare the mean facial soft tissue thickness between males and females in different malocclusion groups. Study Design: Cross-Sectional Study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan 2020 to Jan 2021. Methodology: Cephalometric radiographs of 230 patients were used to measure soft tissue thickness at seven landmarks: the glabella, subnasal region, labrale superius, labrale inferius, sulcus labrale superius, labiomentalis, and soft tissue chin. Results: Of 230 patients, 39% were of Class I, 21% of Class II/1, 26% of Class II/2 and 13% of Class III. The gender ratio was the same in all skeletal classes. The mean age of 230 patients was 18.36±2.29 years. The mean ANB angle and UI were 4.02±3.22 and 25.95±8.86. The mean ANB angle and UI significantly differed between skeletal classes. In contrast, the mean age of patients of different skeletal classes was not significantly different, with a p-value of 0.433. The mean FSTT measured from subnasal area (A-NS), sulcus labrale superius (RR-SLS), labrale superius (J-LS), labrale inferius (I-Li) and chin (Pg-Pg1) was significantly different between skeletal classes (p value <0.001). Conclusion: The facial soft tissue thickness was thicker in class III. The FST measured through the labrale superius (J-LS) of male patients was thicker than that of female patients in all skeletal class patients.  

Background Diabetes mellitus is associated with changes in soft tissue structure and function. However, the directionality of this change and the extent to which either tissue thickness or stiffness contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes-related foot ulcerations is unclear. Hence, this systematic review aims to summarise the existing evidence for soft tissue structural differences in the feet of people with and without diabetes. Methods In compliance with MOOSE and PRISMA guidelines, AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, ProQuest Health & Medical Collection, ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Database, and Web of Science electronic databases were systematically searched for studies published from database inception until 1st October 2020 [Prospero CRD42020166614]. Reference lists of included studies were further screened. Methodological quality was appraised using a modified critical appraisal tool for quantitative studies developed by McMaster University. Results A total of 35 non-randomised observational studies were suitable for inclusion. Within these, 20 studies evaluated plantar tissue thickness, 19 studies evaluated plantar tissue stiffness, 9 studies evaluated Achilles tendon thickness and 5 studies evaluated Achilles tendon stiffness outcomes. No significant differences in plantar tissue thickness were found between people with and without diabetes in 55% of studies (11/20), while significantly increased plantar tissue stiffness was found in people with diabetes in 47% of studies (9/19). Significantly increased Achilles tendon thickness was found in people with diabetes in 44% of studies (4/9), while no significant differences in Achilles tendon stiffness were found between people with and without diabetes in 60% of studies (3/5). Conclusions This systematic review found some evidence of soft tissue structural differences between people with and without diabetes. However, uncertainty remains whether these differences independently contribute to diabetes-related foot ulcerations. The heterogeneity of methodological approaches made it difficult to compare across studies and methodological quality was generally inadequate. High-quality studies using standardised and validated assessment techniques in well-defined populations are required to determine more fully the role of structural tissue properties in the pathogenesis of diabetes-related foot ulcerations.

Using a 6‐week porcine full‐thickness excisional wound grafting model, we evaluated the Autologous Regeneration of Tissue (ART®) System, a novel skin harvesting device designed to collect autologous full‐thickness autologous microcolumns (FTAM) at 0.5 mm in diameter. The donor skin sites were harvested using the ART® System and compared to split‐thickness skin grafts (STSGs). Recipient sites were divided into three treatment groups: FTAM, STSG and Untreated control. Comparing the FTAM donor sites to the STSG donor sites, we observed significantly faster re‐epithelization by Day 4 (p < 0.05), earlier adnexal structures and rete ridge formation by Week 3, and increased collagen and elastin content by Week 6. We also observed an increased rate of healing at the FTAM donor site whilst limiting donor site morbidity compared to traditional STSG donor sites. Time to recipient site closure was 2.4 weeks for STSG treated, 3.3 weeks for FTAM treated and 4.1 weeks for the Untreated control (p < 0.05). The STSG and FTAM recipient sites reached complete re‐epithelialization by Weeks 4 and 5, respectively which was significantly faster compared to the Untreated control. However, the FTAM recipient site received only 10% of the donor site tissue relative to the recipient site area and the amount of donor site tissue grafted on the STSG recipient sites was 5× more than the FTAM recipient sites. Additionally, the FTAMs harvested by the ART® System augmented recipient wound site healing as a result of ‘epithelial island’ expansion in contrast to Untreated control sites that closed primarily by contracture.

Leaf anatomical traits may reflect plants adaption to environmental changes and influence ecosystem functions, as they regulate light absorption and gas exchange to some extent. Here, we hypothesized that leaf anatomical traits were closely related to gross primary productivity (GPP) because photosynthesis commonly occurs in the chloroplasts of palisade and spongy tissues in leaf. Eight leaf anatomical traits were measured in 916 plant species inhabiting from tropical to cold‐temperate forests in eastern China: adaxial epidermis thickness (AD), abaxial epidermis thickness (AB), leaf thickness (LT), palisade tissue thickness (PT), and spongy tissue thickness (ST), palisade–spongy tissue ratio (PT/ST), palisade tissue–leaf thickness ratio (PT/LT), and spongy tissue–leaf thickness ratio (ST/LT). Leaf anatomical traits showed significant latitudinal patterns at species, plant functional group (PFG), and community levels (p < .05), and they differed between PFG and community. Temperature and precipitation were the main factors influencing AD, AB, PT/ST, and PT/LT, explaining 33–72% of the total variation at large scale. Furthermore, AB, LT, PT/ST, and PT/LT were significantly correlated with the aridity index. Our findings filled the data gap of plant anatomical traits at regional scales, and broadened current knowledge on the adaptation strategies of plant anatomical traits, which also provided new evidence for linkages of plant traits and functioning across natural communities. A plain language summary is available for this article. Plain Language Summary

•3D face contours are compared between upright and supine postures using DI3D.•In supine, the soft tissue extruded inferior and lateral to the eyes (Δ=1.2–3.0mm).•In supine, the tissue volume around the nasolabial fold and mouth was less (Δ=−1.0 to −2.4mm).•Correction factors are provided to convert supine tissue thicknesses to the upright equivalents. Soft tissues of the human face hang from the skull under the downward vector of gravity. Subsequently, the fall of the tissues is not likely the same between supine, prone or upright positions with ramifications for soft tissue measurements such as average soft tissue thicknesses used in craniofacial identification. Here we use high-resolution Dimensional Imaging® DI3D stereo-photographs (Glasgow, Scotland) to map the shape change between upright and supine position in the same 62 participants and encode the surface shell differences as greyscale pixel intensity values. Statistical tests were conducted using MANOVA at 31 capulometric landmarks, with posture as the independent factor in a repeated measures design, and sex, somatotype and age (two groups of <50 and>50 years) as independent factors in a between subjects design. Results indicate that facial morphology changed in characteristic fashion between the positions: when supine, the soft tissue extruded inferior and lateral to the eyes (Δmin=+1.2mm; Δmax=+3.0mm, p<0.05) and retracted lateral to the mouth and around the nasolabial fold (Δmin=−1.0mm; Δmax=−2.4mm, p<0.05). These patterns were more marked in older subjects (posture=p<0.01, η2=0.55; and age=p<0.01; η2=0.29). By calculating mean heat maps for the faces, this study clearly demonstrates that posture influences the cheeks/eyes as well as the nasolabial fold, thereby holding broader ramifications for face morphology than previously reported. Since many prior facial soft tissue thickness studies report data for supine subjects, correction factors are provided for converting supine facial soft tissue thickness data to upright estimates. Out-of-sample performance tests of posture-corrected supine means derived from two CT samples (using upright B-mode ultrasound data from living subjects as ground truths) confirmed the utility of the correction factors for landmarks that fall in zones affected most by the posture change (lower standard errors after correction). The standard error improvements were −0.9, −0.6, −0.5, and −1.4mm respectively for the mio-mio′, go-go′, zy-zy′ and mr-mr′ landmarks (reductions indicated by the negative sign).

This systematic review investigates the efficacy of using connective tissue grafting (CTG) versus an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) for soft tissue management in immediate implant placement (IIP). The study focuses on comparing the soft tissue thickness (STT) and keratinized tissue width (KTW) changes post-implantation. Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted, targeting randomized clinical trials and cohort studies involving soft tissue grafting in conjunction with IIP. Data extraction and analysis focused on STT and KTW measurements from baseline to follow-up intervals of at least 6 months. The statistical analyses included the weighted mean differences and heterogeneity assessments among the studies. The meta-analysis revealed no significant difference in the STT gain between CTG and ADM at 12 months, with the weighted mean differences favoring the control group but lacking statistical significance (CTG: 0.46 ± 0.53 mm, p = 0.338; ADM: 0.33 ± 0.44 mm, p = 0.459). The heterogeneity was high among the studies, with discrepancies notably influenced by individual study variations. Similarly, the changes in KTW were not significantly different between the two grafting materials. Conclusions: Both CTG and ADM are viable options for soft tissue management in IIP, with no significant difference in efficacy regarding the soft tissue thickness and keratinized tissue width outcomes. Future research should aim to minimize the heterogeneity and explore the long-term effects to better inform clinical decisions.

This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of xenogeneic collagen matrices (XCMs) and acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) in comparison to connective tissue grafts (CTGs) for the augmentation of oral mucosa around dental implants. MEDLINE and the Web of Science were searched for clinical studies that compared substitute materials for the augmentation of oral mucosa to the subepithelial connective tissue graft around dental implants during or after implantation. The review was conducted according to the recommendations of the PRISMA statement. From an initial search result set of 1050 references, seven articles were included in the review. The study designs were heterogeneous, so no meta-analysis could be performed. Both the CTG and either type of substitute material resulted in increased mucosal thickness. Four studies showed no significant difference, while three demonstrated a significant difference, favoring the CTGs over alternative materials. Soft tissue augmentation around dental implants is a safe procedure and leads to thicker mucosal tissue. The subepithelial connective tissue graft can still be regarded as the gold standard, but substitute materials may be an acceptable alternative in some situations, such as for pain-sensitive patients, among inexperienced surgeons, and for sites with an already thick biotype.

•Overall, >227,400 facial soft tissues have been collected in the literature.•Since 2008, data for >5450 new individuals have been reported.•Herein, updated grand and rolling means are described for the 1883–2017 data.•The grand means triangulate on population parameters for improved accuracy.•The new grand means yield a standard error of the estimate=3.7mm. The tallied facial soft tissue thicknesses (or T-Tables) represent grand means of published facial soft tissue thickness sample means. These sample means have been drawn from across the full-breadth of the facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) literature, including forensic science, anthropology and odontology. The report of new summary statistics for >1290 new sub-adults and >2200 new adults since the last T-Table calculation, in 2008 for sub-adults and 2013 for adults respectively, makes their update timely. The maximum sample sizes at any landmark now stand at 3023 for individuals aged 0–11 years old (g–g′); 3145 for individuals aged 12–17 years old (n–se′); and 10,333 for adults (n–se′). Following the recalculation of grand weighted means and comparison to the original 2008 data, some shifts in the T-Table statistics are evident at specific landmarks, namely: 2–2.5mm increases at gonion (go–go′) and mid-mandibular border (mmb–mmb′) for adults; 3.5mm decrease at gonion (go–go′) for 12–17year olds; and 2.0mm decrease at menton (me–me′) for 0–11year olds. Differences at all other landmarks (91–100% depending on the dataset) were minimal being <1.0mm. Performance tests of the new grand means as point estimators (using individuals with known FSTT size from the C-Table), show the 2018 T-Table statistics to produce marginally less error than the 2013 means: 2018 standard error of the estimate=3.7mm in contrast to 2013 standard error of the estimate=3.9mm. The long run nature of the T-Table statistics (i.e., big data) and quantified performance test accuracies on known subjects, earmark the 2018 T-Table as the premier FSTT standard for craniofacial identification casework. In the distant future, this is likely to change as the C-Table raw data repository grows, allowing shorths and shormaxes to be calculated for large samples. Given current raw data repository sample sizes of 0–1574 for T-Table landmarks (notably lower for younger individuals), there is some way to go before enhanced central tendency estimators can entirely replace untrimmed arithmetic means.

The facial soft tissue thickness is crucial for facial reconstruction. Ultrasound is one method to evaluate facial thickness. There are two main modes of ultrasound that can be used for measurement: A-mode and B-mode. Because of its advantage, B-mode is frequently used in many recent studies. The factors that contribute to the varying results of facial soft tissue thickness are classified as method error and biological factors. The following factors should be considered when designing a study: subject type, subject posture and facial expression, ultrasound machine, ultrasound mode, transducer type, frequency, gel type and application, transducer orientation, landmark selection, and thickness measurement. According to the results of previous research, the main biological factors that likely affected facial thickness are sex, age, body mass index, and ancestry. However, there is still insufficient evidence to conclude how the thickness differs among various methods of measurement and which method produces the best results for facial reconstruction. Future ultrasonographic imaging research associated with facial thickness should determine the accuracy of the facial reconstruction to compare with other techniques and evaluate the gold standard of the facial reconstruction. Furthermore, the standardized landmarks and ultrasonographic imaging of each landmark should be clarified for consistency across the populations. •To review the measurement methods of facial soft tissue thickness for facial reconstruction using ultrasound.•Different methodologies, subject’s posture, and time since death affect the results of facial thickness measurement.•Sex, age, body mass index, and ancestry have an impact on facial thickness measurement in different ways.•No research has used the ultrasound thickness value to reconstruct and determined the accuracy of the reconstruction.