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Traditional means of assessing representativeness of conservation value in protected areas depend on measures of structural biodiversity. The effectiveness of priority conservation areas at representing critical natural capital (CNC) (i.e., an essential and renewable subset of natural capital) remains largely unknown. We analyzed the representativeness of CNC-conservationpriority areas in national nature reserves (i.e., nature reserves under jurisdiction of the central government with large spatial distribution across the provinces) in China with a new biophysical-based composite indicator approach. With this approach, we integrated the net primary production of vegetation, topography, soil, and climate variables to map and rank terrestrial ecosystems capacities to generate CNC. National nature reserves accounted for 6.7% of CNC-conservation priority areas across China. Considerable gaps (35.2%) existed between overall (or potential) CNC representativeness nationally and CNC representation in national reserves, and there was significant spatial heterogeneity of representativeness in CNC-conservation priority areas at the regional and provincial levels. For example, the best and worst representations were, respectively, 13.0% and 1.6% regionally and 28.9% and 0.0% provincially. Policy in China is transitioning toward the goal of an ecologically sustainable civilization. We identified CNC-conservation priority areas and conservation gaps and thus contribute to the policy goals of optimization of the national nature reserve network and the demarcation of areas critical to improving the representativeness and conservation of highly functioning areas of natural capital. Moreover, our method for assessing representation of CNC can be easily adapted to other large-scale networks of conservation areas because few data are needed, and our model is relatively simple. Los medtos tradicionales para evaluar la representatividad de los valores de conservación en las áreas protegidas dependen de las medidas de la biodiversidad estructural. La efectividad de las áreas de conservación prioritarias por representar al capital natural crítico (CNC) (es decir, un subconjunto esencial y renovable de capital natural) todavía permanece desconocida en su mayoría. Analizamos la representatividad de las áreas de conservación prioritarias de CNC en las reservas naturales nacionales (es decir, reservas naturales bajo jurisdicción del gobierno central con una gran distribución espacial a lo largo de las provincias) de China con una nueva estrategia indicadora basada en componentes biofísicos. Con esta estrategia, integramos la producción primaria neta de vegetación, la topografía, el suelo y las variables climáticas al mapa y clasificamos las capacidades de los ecosistemas terrestres para generar CNC. Las reservas naturales nacionales representaron el 6.7 % de las áreas de conservación prioritarias de CNC en toda China. Existieron vacíos considerables (35.2 %) entre la representatividad general (o potencial) de CNC a nivel nacional y la representación de CNC en las reservas nacionales, y hubo una heterogeneidad espacial significativa de la representatividad en las áreas de conservación prioritarias de CNC en los niveles regionales y provinciales. Por ejemplo, la mejor y la peor representación fueron, respectivamente, 13.0 % y 1.6% regionalmente y 28.9 % y 0.0 % provincialmente. La política en China está en transición hacia la meta de una civilización sustentable ecológicamente. Identificamos las áreas de conservación prioritarias de CNC y los vacíos de conservación y con esto contribuimos a las metas políticas de optimizar la red de reservas naturales nacionales y la demarcación de las áreas cruciales para mejorar la representatividad y conservación de las áreas de capital natural altamente funcionales. Además, nuestro método para evaluar la representación del CNC puede adaptarse fácilmente a otras redes a gran escala de áreas de conservación porque se requieren pocos datos y nuestro modelo es relativamente simple.

Establishing protected areas is the primary goal and tool for preventing irreversible biodiversity loss. However, the effectiveness of protected areas that target specific species has been questioned for some time because targeting key species for conservation may impair the integral regional pool of species diversity and phylogenetic and functional diversity are seldom considered. We assessed the efficacy of protected areas in China for the conservation of phylogenetic diversity based on the ranges and phytogenies of 2279 terrestrial vertebrates. Phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity were strongly and positively correlated, and only 12.1-43.8% of priority conservation areas are currently protected. However, the patterns and coverage of phylogenetic diversity were affected when weighted by species richness. These results indicated that in China, protected areas targeting high species richness protected phylogenetic diversity well overall but failed to do so in some regions with more unique or threatened communities (e.g., coastal areas of eastern China, where severely threatened avian communities were less protected). Our results suggest that the current distribution of protected areas could be improved, although most protected areas protect both taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity. El establecimiento de áreas protegidas es la meta y herramienta principal para prevenir una pérdida irreversible de la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, la efectividad de las áreas protegidas que se enfocan en especies determinadas ha sido cuestionada durante algún tiempo, pues enfocarse en especies clave para la conservación puede perjudicar al pool regional íntegro de diversidad de especies y rara vez se consideran la diversidad filogenética y funcional. Evaluamos la efectividad de las áreas protegidas en China para la conservación de la diversidad filogenética con base en la extensión y la filogenia de 2279 vertebrados terrestres. La diversidad filogenética y la taxonómica estuvieron considerablemente correlacionadas, y sólo 12.1 - 43.8% de las áreas de conservación prioritarias están protegidas actualmente. Independientemente de esto, los patrones y coberturas de la diversidad fitogenética se vieron afectados cuando se sopesaron con la riqueza de especies. Estos resultados indicaron que en China las áreas protegidas que se enfocan en la riqueza alta de especies protegen bien a la diversidad filogenética en general pero fallaron en hacerlo en algunas regiones con comunidades más únicas o amenazadas (p. ej.: las áreas costeras del este de China, en donde las comunidades de aves bajo amenaza severa están menos protegidas). Nuestros resultados sugieren que la distribución actual de áreas protegidas podría mejorarse, aunque la mayoría de las áreas protegidas protegen tanto a la diversidad taxonómica como a la filogenética. 建立相应的保护区是阻止生物多祥性进ー步下降最重要的方式。在进行规划时，保护区通常重点考虑某 个物种或某种景观。这种以特定物种或生态系统为目标的规划方式逐渐受到质疑，越来越多的研究指出保护区 规划需要兼顾谱系和功能多样性热点的覆盖。通过一系列物种和谱系多祥性指数，我们利用2279个物种的分 布范围和系统发育关系确定了中国陆生脊椎动物的保护优先区，并估计了保护区网络对物种和谱系多样性热 点的覆盖程度。结果显示，物种多样性和谱系多祥性格局之间存在很强的正相关,中国的保护区网络能够较好 地同时维护整体的物种多样性和谱系多祥性。在排除物种多样性造成的积累效应后,谱系多祥性格局和热点 发生了改变，一些受到更大威胁或有着更特别的进化历史的动物群落并不在当前保护区网络的覆盖下。例如， 中国东部沿海地区的鸟类群落虽然受到严重威胁，但这一区域的鸟类保护区分布零散，面积也较小。目前，仅 有 12.1~43.8% 的保护优先区处于保护区网络的覆盖下,中国的保护区规划和保护区网络建设仍有着很大的进步 空间。

Species hybrids have long been undervalued in conservation and are often perceived as a threat to pure species. Recently, the conservation value of hybrids, especially those of natural origin, has gained recognition; however, hybrid conservation remains controversial. We reviewed hybrid management policies, including laws, regulations, and management protocols, from a variety of organizations, primarily in Canada and the United States. We found that many policies are based on limited ethical and ecological considerations and provide little opportunity for hybrid conservation. In most policies, hybrids are either unrepresented or considered a threat to conservation goals. This is problematic because our review of the hybrid conservation literature identified many ethical and ecological considerations relevant to determining the conservation value of a hybrid, all of which are management‐context specific. We also noted a lack of discussion of the ethical considerations regarding hybrid conservation. Based on these findings, we created a policy framework outlining situations in which hybrids could be eligible for conservation in Canada and the United States. The framework comprises a decision tree that helps users determine whether a hybrid should be eligible for conservation based on multiple ecological and ethical considerations. The framework may be applied to any hybrid and is flexible in that it accommodates context‐specific management by allowing different options if a hybrid is a threat to or could benefit conservation goals. The framework can inform policy makers and conservationists in decision‐making processes regarding hybrid conservation by providing a systematic set of decision criteria and guidance on additional criteria to be considered in cases of uncertainty, and it fills a policy gap that limits current hybrid management.

The debate in the literature on the science–practice interface suggests a diversity of opinions on how to link science and practice to improve conservation. Understanding this diversity is key to addressing unequal power relations, avoiding the consideration of only dominant views, and identifying strategies to link science and practice. In turn, linking science and practice should promote conservation decisions that are socially robust and scientifically informed. To identify and describe the viewpoints of scientists and decision makers on how the science–practice interface should work in order to improve conservation decisions, we interviewed Brazilian scientists (ecologists and conservation scientists, n = 11) and decision makers (n = 11). We used Q methodology and asked participants to rank their agreement with 48 statements on how the science–practice interface should work in order to improve conservation decisions. We used principal component analysis to identify shared viewpoints. The predominant viewpoint, shared by scientists and decision makers, was characterized by valuing the integration of scientific and strategic knowledge to address environmental problems. The second viewpoint, held mostly by decision makers, was distinguished by assigning great importance to science in the decision-making process and calling for problem-relevant research. The third viewpoint, shared only by scientists, was characterized by an unwillingness to collaborate and a perception of scientists as producers of knowledge that may help decision makers. Most participants agreed organizations should promote collaboration and that actors and knowledge from both science and practice are relevant. Disagreements concerned specific roles assigned to actors, willingness to collaborate, and organizational and institutional arrangements considered effective to link science and practice. Our results suggest there is ample room for collaborations and that impediments lie mainly in existing organizations and formal institutional arrangements rather than in negative attitudes between scientists and decision makers. El debate en la literatura sobre la interrelación ciencia-práctica sugiere una diversidad de opiniones sobre cómo conectar a la ciencia con la práctica para mejorar la conservación. La comprensión de esta diversidad es clave para tratar con las relaciones desiguales de poder, evitar la considerar únicamente de los puntos de vista dominantes, e identificar las estrategias para vincular a la ciencia con la práctica. En cambio, la vinculación entre la ciencia y la práctica debería promover las decisiones de conservación que son socialmente fuertes y científicamente informadas. Entrevistamos a científicos (ecólogos y conservadores, n = 11) y tomadores de decisiones (n = 11) en Brasil para identificar y describir los puntos de vista de los científicos y de quienes toman las decisiones sobre cómo la interrelación ciencia-práctica debería trabajar con tal de mejorar las decisiones de conservación. Usamos la metodología Q y les pedimos a los participantes que clasificaran su acuerdo con 48 declaraciones sobre cómo la interrelación ciencia-práctica debería trabajar para mejorar las decisiones de conservación. Utilizamos un análisis de componentes principales para identificar los puntos de vista compartidos. El punto de vista predominante, compartido entre los científicos y quienes toman las decisiones, se caracterizó por el valor que le dio a la integración del conocimiento científico y el estratégico para tratar los problemas ambientales. El segundo punto de vista, compartido por la mayoría de quienes toman las decisiones, se distinguió por asignarle una gran importancia a la ciencia en cuanto al proceso de toma de decisiones y a la petición de investigación relevante para los problemas. El tercer punto de vista, compartido sólo entre los científicos, se caracterizó por el rechazo a colaborar y por la percepción de los científicos como productores de conocimiento que puede ayudar a quienes toman las decisiones. La mayoría de los participantes estuvo de acuerdo en que las organizaciones deberían promover la colaboración y en que los actores y el conocimiento científico y práctico son relevantes. Los desacuerdos estuvieron relacionados con los roles específicos asignados a los actores, el deseo de colaborar, y los arreglos institucionales y de organización considerados como efectivos para vincular a la ciencia con la práctica. Nuestros resultados sugieren que existe suficiente espacio para las colaboraciones y que los impedimentos se deben principalmente a las organizaciones existentes y a los arreglos institucionales formales en lugar de a las actitudes negativas entre los científicos y quienes toman las decisiones. 文献中针对学科交叉点的争论就如何结合科学和实践来提高保护成效提出了多种多样的观点。理解这 种多样性是处理不平等权力关系、避免只考虑主导观点，以及确定科学和实践相结合战略的关键。反过来，科 学和实践的结合应促成社会上坚稳可靠、科学上考虑周全的保护决策。为了确定和描述科学家和决策者关于 科学和实践如何交叉来改善保护决策的观点，我们采访了巴西的科学家（生态学家和保护科学家11人）和决策者 (11人）。我们利用Q方法学，要求参与者给出他们对4 8 条科学和实践如何交叉来改善保护决策的表述的赞同 度。我们用主成分分析找出了他们共同的观点。科学家和决策者都同意的最主要观点是要重视科学和战略知 识的整合来解决环境问题。第二个观点主要由决策者持有，是在决策过程中要重视科学，并呼吁进行更多与问 题相关的研究。只有科学家认同的第三个观点的特点是不愿意合作，并认为科学家创造了可以帮助决策者的知 识。大多数参与者都同意组织机构应该促进合作，行动者与来自科学和实践的知识均有重要关系。分歧则在于 实践者应担负的具体角色、合作的意愿和组织或机构如何安排才能有效结合科学和实践。我们的结果表明科学 家和决策者尚有很大的合作空间，目前的障碍主要在于现有组织和正式机构的协调安排，而不是二者之间的消 极态度。

Dynamic conservation of forest genetic resources (FGR) means maintaining the genetic diversity of trees within an evolutionary process and allowing generation turnover in the forest. We assessed the network of forests areas managed for the dynamic conservation of FGR (conservation units) across Europe (33 countries). On the basis of information available in the European Information System on FGR (EUFGIS Portal), species distribution maps, and environmental stratification of the continent, we developed ecogeographic indicators, a marginality index, and demographic indicators to assess and monitor forest conservation efforts. The pan-European network has 1967 conservation units, 2737 populations of target trees, and 86 species of target trees. We detected a poor coincidence between FGR conservation and other biodiversity conservation objectives within this network. We identified 2 complementary strategies: a species-oriented strategy in which national conservation networks are specifically designed for key target species and a site-oriented strategy in which multiple-target units include so-called secondary species conserved within a few sites. The network is highly unbalanced in terms of species representation, and 7 key target species are conserved in 60% of the conservation units. We performed specific gap analyses for 11 tree species, including assessment of ecogeographic, demographic, and genetic criteria. For each species, we identified gaps, particularly in the marginal parts of their distribution range, and found multiple redundant conservation units in other areas. The Mediterranean forests and to a lesser extent the boreal forests are underrepresented. Monitoring the conservation efficiency of each unit remains challenging; however,

Herbarium specimens are increasingly recognized as an important resource for conservation science and virtual herbaria are making specimens freely available to a wider range of users than ever before. Few virtual herbaria are designed with conservation use as a primary driver. Exceptionally, Brazil’s Reflora Virtual Herbarium (RVH) was created to increase knowledge and conservation of the Brazilian flora. The RVH is closely integrated with the Flora of Brazil 2020 platform on which Brazil’s new national Flora is under construction. Both resources are accessible via the Reflora home page and thousands of users move seamlessly between these Reflora resources. To understand how the Reflora resources are currently used and their impact on conservation science, we conducted a literature review and an online survey. We searched for publications of studies in which Reflora resources were used and publications resulting from Brazilian researchers who were part of Reflora’s research and mobility program. The survey contained multiple choice questions and questions that required a written response. We targeted Reflora webpage visitors with the survey to capture a wider range of Reflora users than the literature review. Reflora resources were used for a variety of conservation-relevant purposes. Half the 806 scientific publications in which Reflora was cited and 81% of the 1069 survey respondents accessing Reflora resources mentioned conservation-relevant research outputs. Most conservation-relevant uses of the Reflora resources in scientific publications were research rather than implementation focused. The survey of Reflora users showed conservation uses and impacts of virtual herbaria were more numerous and diverse than the uses captured in the literature review. Virtual herbaria are vital resources for conservation science, but they must document use and impacts more comprehensively to ensure sustainability. Los especímenes de los herbarios son reconocidos cada vez más como un recurso importante para la ciencia de la conservación, y, como nunca antes, los herbarios virtuales están poniendo a los especímenes a libre disposición para una gama mucho más amplia de usuarios. Pocos herbarios virtuales están diseñados con el uso para la conservación como conductor primario. Excepcionalmente, se creó el Herbario Virtual Reflora de Brasil (RVH, en inglés) para incrementar el conocimiento y la conservación de la flora brasileña. El RVH está integrado cuidadosamente con la plataforma Flora de Brasil 2020, sobre la cual está bajo construcción la nueva flora nacional de Brasil. Se accede a ambos recursos a través de la página inicial de Reflora y miles de usuarios navegan continuamente entre estos recursos de la página. Para entender cómo se usan actualmente los recursos de Reflora así como su impacto sobre la ciencia de la conservación, realizamos una revisión de la literatura y una encuesta en línea. Buscamos las publicaciones de estudios que usaron los recursos de Reflora y las publicaciones elaboradas por investigadores brasileños que formaron parte del programa de investigación y movilidad de Reflora. La encuesta incluyó preguntas de opción múltiple y preguntas que requerían una respuesta escrita. Enfocamos la encuesta en los visitantes a la página web de Reflora para obtener una gama más amplia de usuarios de Reflora que la que obtendríamos sólo con la revisión de la literatura. Los recursos de Reflora se usaron para una variedad de propósitos relevantes para la conservación. La mitad de las 806 publicaciones científicas en las que se citó a Reflora y el 81% de los 1069 encuestados que acceden a los recursos de Reflora mencionaron resultados de investigación relevantes para la conservación. La mayoría de los usos relevantes para la conservación de los recursos de Reflora en las publicaciones científicas estuvieron más enfocados en la investigación que en la implementación. La encuesta para los usuarios de Reflora mostró que los usos e impactos de los herbarios virtuales fueron más numerosos y diversos que los usos capturados en la revisión de la literatura. Los herbarios virtuales son recursos vitales para la ciencia de la conservación, pero deben documentar su uso y sus impactos exhaustivamente para asegurar su sustentabilidad.

Policies for conservation outside protected areas, such as those designed to address the decline in Australian mammals, will not result in net improvements unless they address barriers to proenvironmental behavior. We used a mixed-methods approach to explore potential value-action gaps (disconnects between values and subsequent action) for small mammal conservation behaviors among pastoralists in dryland Australia. Using semistructured surveys and open-ended interviews (n = 43), we explored values toward small mammals; uptake of a range of current and intended actions that may provide benefit to small mammals; and potential perceived barriers to their uptake. Pastoralists assigned great conservation value to small mammals; over 80% (n = 36) agreed to strongly agreed that small mammals on their property were important. These values did not translate into stated willingness to engage in voluntary cessation of wild-dog control (r² = 0.187, p = 0.142, n = 43). However, assigning great conservation value to small mammals was strongly related to stated voluntary willingness to engage in the proenvironmental behavior most likely to result in benefits to small mammals: cat and fox control (r² = 0.558, p = 0.000, n = 43). There was no significant difference between stated voluntarily and incentivized willingness to engage in cat and fox control (p = 0.862, n = 43). The high levels of willingness to engage in voluntary cat and fox control highlight a potential entry point for addressing Australia's mammal declines because the engagement of pastoralists in conservation programs targeting cat and fox control is unlikely to be prevented by attitudinal constraints. Qualitative data suggest there is likely a subpopulation of pastoralists who value small mammals but do not wish to engage informal conservation programs due to relational barriers with potential implementers. A long-term commitment to engagement with pastoralists by implementers will thus be necessary for conservation success. On-property cat and fox control programs that build and leverage trust, shared goals, collaboration, and shared learning experiences between stakeholders and that explicitly recognize the complexity of small mammal dynamics and the property-level ecological knowledge of pastoralists are more likely to gain traction. Las políticas para la conservación afuera de las áreas protegidas, como aquellas designadas para enfocarse en la declinación de los mamíferos australianos, no resultarán en mejoras netas a menos que estén dirigidas a las barreras ante el comportamiento pro-ambiental. Utilizamos una estrategia de métodos mixtos para explorar el potencial de los vacíos de acción-valor (desconexiones entre los valores y las acciones subsecuentes) para los comportamientos de conservación de los mamíferos pequeños entre los pastores en las tierras secas de Australia. Con el uso de censos semi-estructurados y entrevistas de preguntas abiertas (n = 43), exploramos los valores en torno a los mamíferos pequeños; la aceptación de un rango de acciones actuales e intencionadas que pueden proporcionar beneficios para los mamíferos pequeños; y el potencial de las barreras percibidas ante esta aceptación. Los pastores asignaron un valor alto de conservación a los mamíferos pequeños; más del 80 % (n = 36) estuvieron de acuerdo o considerablemente de acuerdo con que los mamíferos pequeños en su propiedad eran importantes. Estos valores no se tradujeron a una disposición mencionada por participar en el cese voluntario del control de perros salvajes (r 2 = 0.187, ñ = 0.142, ç = 43). Sin embargo, asignarle un gran valor de conservación a los mamíferos pequeños estuvo relacionado fuertemente con la disposición voluntaria mencionada por participar en el comportamiento pro-ambiental con mayor probabilidad de resultar en beneficios para los mamíferos pequeños: el control de gatos y zorros (r² = 0.558, p = 0.000, n = 43). No hubo una diferencia significativa entre la disposición mencionada voluntariamente y la alentada por participar en el control de gatos y zorros (p = 0.862, n = 43). El nivel alto de disponibilidad por participar voluntariamente en el control de gatos y zorros resalta un punto de entrada potencial para enfocarse en las declinaciones de los mamíferos de Australia, porque no es probable que la participación de los pastores en los programas de conservación con el objetivo de controlar gatos y zorros sea prevenida por restricciones actitudinales. Los datos cualitativos sugieren que probablemente hay una sub-población de pastores que valoran a los mamíferos pequeños pero no desean participar en programas formales de conservación debido a las barreras de relación con los implementadores potenciales. Entonces será necesario un compromiso a largo plazo con los pastores por parte de los implementadores para que haya éxito de conservación. Es más probable que ganen tracción los programas de control de gatos y zorros en las propiedades que construyan y fomenten la confianza, los objetivos compartidos, la colaboración y las experiencias de aprendizaje compartido entre los accionistas y que reconozcan explícitamente la complejidad de las dinámicas de los mamíferos pequeños y el conocimiento ecológico a nivel propiedad de los pastores.

Halloumi cheese blocks, packaged in vacuum polyamide-polyethylene laminate bags, were stored at 5, 15, and 25°C. The changes in total bacterial count, lactic acid bacteria, total anaerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, pH, and titratable acidity were monitored during the storage. The appearance of the packaged Halloumi cheese exhibited significant correlations with the counts of the different microbial populations inhabiting the cheese. The shelf-life of the stored Halloumi cheese was determined using survival analysis and considering consumer rejection as a failure index. The nominal shelf-lives of Halloumi cheese were 79.6, 37.8, and 2.6 days when stored at 5, 15, and 25°C, respectively. The Q10 values (shelf-life at T °C-shelf-life at T + 10°C) at 5°C and 15°C were 2.1 and 14.5, respectively. The increase in the counts of different microbial populations during storage highlights the need for adherence to good manufacturing practices and maintenance of low temperatures during the storage and distribution of the packaged Halloumi cheese. © Czech J. Food Sci. 2012.

The aim of this work was to determine selected microbiological and organoleptic changes of vacuum packed cooled beef imported from Argentina as one of the few South American countries which export beef to Europe. The changes were studied during its common shelf life (4 months) and 1 month thereafter in case of longer storage. The storage temperature was -1 deg C to +2 deg C. Four packages of boneless chilled heart of rump were used; all the values of each package were measured five times. Meat and juice weight, vacuum value, numbers of microbes, yeasts and moulds, pH of meat and juice were determined. Some organoleptic characteristics of meat and juice such as taste, aroma, colour, consistency and clearness of both of juice and broth after boiling were evaluated using Czech technical standards. The vacuum value of the first package was 90 kPa; the number of the microbes was increasing adequately to time in all the packages. In the course of the entire shelf life period all the samples fulfilled the allowed limits so the meat was suitable for human consumption. During the tested period neither monitored pathogen microflora nor yeasts and moulds were present; pH of all samples was influenced by storage in the vacuum. Meat stored for 5 months showed changes in odour and presence of coliforms. Commencing spoilage of this sample rendered the meat not suitable for human consumption.

Feeder steers (n = 84) were stratified into four weight groups to provide slaughter groups so that product that had been in vacuum packages at 0 to 2 degrees C for 40, 60, 80, or 100 d postmortem could be simultaneously evaluated. Each of the four groups was randomly divided into three subgroups so that vitamin E could be supplemented in the diet at rates of 0, 1,000, or 2,000 (E0, E1000, and E2000, respectively) IU.steer-1.d-1 for 100 d. After slaughtering, chilling, and fabricating, one ribeye-roll and one strip loin from each carcass was transported to the university laboratory for analyses, whereas the paired subprimals were transported to Japan. Based on metmyoglobin formation and lipid oxidation, strip loin steaks deteriorated at a faster rate during retail-display than did ribeye steaks. Steaks from subprimals that were stored for 100 d had inferior (P .05) retail-display characteristics and a shorter (P .05) caselife than steaks from the other storage periods. alpha-Tocopherol levels in longissimus muscle were lower (P .05) for E0 than for E1000 and E2000 (3.51, 5.54, and 6.10 micrograms/g of tissue, respectively). Supplementing cattle with vitamin E resulted in steaks that exhibited superior lean color, less surface discoloration, more desirable overall appearance, and less lipid oxidation during retail-display than control steaks; minimal differences were observed between E1000 and E2000 steaks. Steaks from cattle supplemented with vitamin E were preferred over control steaks by 91% of Japanese survey participants (n