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ObjectiveTo estimate international and national temporal trends in the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) of children and adolescents and to examine relationships between temporal trends in CRF and temporal trends in broad socioeconomic and health-related indicators across countries.MethodsData were obtained from a systematic search of studies that explicitly reported 20 m shuttle run test (a validated measure of CRF) descriptive data on apparently healthy individuals aged 9–17 years. Following the estimation of relative peak oxygen uptake (mL/kg/min) as a measure of CRF, sample-weighted temporal trends were estimated at the country–sex–age level using best-fitting linear or polynomial regression models relating the year of testing to mean CRF. Poststratified population-weighted mean changes in absolute and per cent CRF were estimated. Pearson’s correlations were used to describe the association between linear temporal trends in CRF and linear temporal trends in broad socioeconomic and health-related indicators.ResultsTemporal trends were estimated from 965 264 children and adolescents from 19 high-income and upper middle-income countries between 1981 and 2014, using data from 137 studies. Collectively, there was a moderate decline in CRF of 3.3 mL/kg/min (95% CI −3.5 to −3.1), equivalent to a decline of 7.3% (95% CI −7.8% to −6.7%) over the 33-year time period. This international decline diminished with each decade and stabilised near zero around 2000. The decline was larger for boys than girls and was similar for children and adolescents. Trends also differed in magnitude and direction between countries, with most showing declines. There was a strong negative association between country-specific trends in income inequality (Gini index) and trends in CRF across 18 countries; meaning, countries approaching income equality had more favourable trends in CRF.ConclusionsThere has been a substantial decline in CRF since 1981, which is suggestive of a meaningful decline in population health. However, the international trend in CRF has not followed the anticipated trajectory, diminishing and stabilising with negligible change since 2000. CRF data are needed from children in low-income and middle-income countries to more confidently determine true international trends and determine whether temporal trends are similar to those observed in high-income and upper middle-income countries.

Students' health needs are one of the priorities in learning. Therefore, physical education, sports and health have a very significant role. Physical education, sports and health are not only a means of improving physical fitness, but also play a role in maintaining body health and understanding the local wisdom contained in traditional sports such as Massallo. Therefore, the aim of this research is how Massallo games can shape students' fitness and Vo2max. This research is a quantitative pre-experimental design research using a Pretest-Posttest one group design. With a total of 42 students participating, they used exercises with the Massallo game. All data obtained were searched for mean, min, max, and standard deviation values as well as differences in applying exercises and Massallo games using independent sample t-test and simple regression. There are differences in results in implementing training with Massallo games in increasing students' fitness and VO2Max. It was found that using the Massallo game training method had a difference of 11,421 in increasing students' fitness and VO2Max and had a significant influence of 0.610, which indicated that the Massallo game had a good role in students' fitness and VO2Max. Key Words: Fitness, Massallo Games, Physical Education, VO2Max

CrossFit® training is one of the fastest-growing fitness activities in the world due to its varied functional movement and competition experience. The performance is present in almost every workout of the day (WOD); however, there is a lack of knowledge in the science that did not allow us to fully understand the performance determinants of CrossFit WOD’s like we do for other individual or team sports. The purpose of this study was to analyze the physical and physiological variables of recreational trained CrossFit athletes during one of the most famous WOD, FRAN, and to identify which variables best determine performance. Methods: Fifteen CrossFit practitioners performed, alone on separate days, 1RM and a maximum of repetitions of pull-ups test, 1RM and a maximum of repetitions of thrusters with 95 lb/43.2 kg, FRAN CrossFit WOD, and 2K Row test. Results: Blood lactate concentrate, HRmax, HRav, and RPE achieved higher values for 2K Row and maximum repetitions of thrusters. Maximum repetition of thrusters and pull-ups, 1RM of thrusters, and 2K Row resulted in moderate to strong correlation with FRAN performance (r = −0.78; r = −0.58; r = −0.67; r = 0.63, respectively). Conclusions and practical applications: FRAN performance was strongly related to maximal and endurance strength training of thrusters, which should be prioritized.

Background: Physical activity and fitness level of fitness decline mostly between adolescence and early adulthood. This leads to risks of non-communicable diseases in the future. Medical students, assumed to have an extensive understanding of physical exercise and its benefits, are less active than they were before attending graduate school. This study aimed to assess changes in physical fitness and physical activity of students over-time. Methods: This was a prospective study undertaken at Basic Science Complex of Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital in Nepal. In total, 72 medical students were put through a modified Harvard step test during their first year and then three years later during their third year at medical school. Maximum aerobic capacity (VO 2 max) was calculated subsequently by plotting the average pulse rate on the Astrand-Rhyming Nomogram. Results: The mean value of relative maximum aerobic capacity (VO 2 max) decreased from first year to the third year. When the mean values of body mass index and relative maximum aerobic capacity were compared between first year and third year, the difference was found to be statistically significant (p-value=0.000). The physical fitness index and relative maximum aerobic capacity in both years were positively correlated r (70) = +.59, p<0.001(first year); r (70) = +.47, p<0.001(third year). Meanwhile, body mass index and relative maximum aerobic capacity in the third year were negatively correlated and statistically significant with r (70) = -0.23, p=.045. Conclusions: Cardiorespiratory fitness of the students steadily declined as they progressed through their academic years. Positive correlation between cardiorespiratory fitness and physical fitness index was established along with negative correlation between body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness. The findings in this study expose the lack of fitness in youth as they focus more on academics, giving the impression that they forget to implement a fitness routine in their lifestyle.

BackgroundLow cardiorespiratory fitness is strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases and mortality. Although increased physical activity can improve cardiorespiratory fitness, this relationship has not been examined in a large bariatric population undergoing perioperative care focusing on long-term lifestyle change.ObjectivesTo evaluate changes in physical activity, weight loss, and cardiorespiratory fitness up to 24 months after bariatric surgery, and to evaluate the relationships of change in physical activity with weight loss and change in cardiorespiratory fitness.Materials and MethodsFour thousand seven hundred eighty-five patients who underwent primary Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy between January 2012 and December 2014 were included. Physical activity was assessed by the Baecke questionnaire (work, leisure, and sport activity) and cardiorespiratory fitness, defined as VO2max relative to fat-free mass (VO2max/FFM), was assessed by the Åstrand test.ResultsTwenty-four months postoperative, significant improvements were seen in sport and leisure activity assessments (n = 3548, P < 0.001), weight loss (n = 3695, P < 0.001), and VO2max/FFM (n = 1852, P < 0.001). Furthermore, regression analysis showed that change in leisure activity was positively associated with weight loss (n = 3535, ß = 1.352, P < 0.001) and change in sport activity was positively associated with change in VO2max/FFM (n = 1743, ß = 1.730, P < 0.001).ConclusionBariatric surgery complemented by a comprehensive bariatric care program can lead to improvement in physical activity, as well as weight loss and improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness. The positive associations of change in leisure activity with weight loss and change in sport activity with cardiorespiratory fitness suggest that bariatric care programs can enhance postoperative outcomes by improving the patient’s physical activity.

Background: This study aimed to describe the physiological profile of elite female cyclists from the department of Antioquia, Colombia. A quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional design was used, with data collected at a single time point.. Methods: The sample included 13 professional female cyclists from the team “Mujeres Antioquia – Orgullo Paisa.” Assessments included resting metabolic rate test, countermovement jump (CMJ), and a cycle ergometer cardiopulmonary exercise test.. Results: Resting substrate utilization revealed a carbohydrate consumption of 49.1 (39.6) % and fat consumption of 50.9 (39.6) %. The CMJ height was 25.9 (3.87) cm with a reactive strength index (RSI) of 0.510 (0.0936). During cycle ergospirometry, the oxygen consumption at ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) was 36.1 (4.39) ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, with a corresponding power output of 144 (30.9) W and an efficiency of 68.7 (5.01) %. At VT2, oxygen consumption reached 47.6 (6.33) ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, with a power output of 215 (26.5) W and an efficiency of 90.4 (4.83) %. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) was 52.6 (4.9) ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, and the power output was 287 (22.8) W.. Discussion: The values for VO₂max (52.6 ± 4.9) and peak power output (287 ± 22.8 W) were moderate compared to international standards. Despite this, the cyclists from Antioquia showed a higher percentage of VO₂max utilization at VT2 (90.4 ± 4.8%), indicating a high physiological efficiency for prolonged efforts, which is crucial in road cycling.. Conclusion: These findings provide a physiological reference point for performance monitoring and training planning in Colombian women’s cycling.

Introduction: The level of participation of student-athletes in futsal continues to increase significantly. However, this increase is not accompanied by a variety of training programs. Objective: This study aims to analyze the impact of high-intensity interval training on the maximal oxygen uptake of student-athletes in futsal. Methodology: A descriptive research method with a one group pretest and posttest design was used to achieve the research objectives. A total of 20 male student-athletes were involved as samples. The sampling technique used was total sampling. high-intensity interval training was carried out for six weeks. Each week consisted of three meetings. The maximal oxygen uptake level of student-athletes was measured using an instrument in the form of a Bleep Test. Paired sample t-test assisted by SPSS was used to determine the difference in maximal oxygen uptake before and after the implementation of high-intensity interval training. Results: The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant increase in the mean, median, standard deviation, minimum value, and maximum value. The results of the paired sample t-test showed that there was a significant effect of maximal oxygen uptake before and after the implementation of high-intensity interval training (0.000 <0.05). Discussion: This research highlights the undeniable impact of a six-week high-intensity interval training program in unlocking substantial increases in athletes' maximal oxygen uptake. Conclusion: High-intensity interval training applied for six weeks can increase the maximal oxygen uptake of student-athletes in futsal. This study can be the basis for further research by implementing experiments involving a control group. Introducción: El nivel de participación de los estudiantes-atletas en futsal continúa aumentando significativamente. Sin embargo, este aumento no se acompaña de una variedad de programas de entrenamiento.  Objetivo: Este estudio busca analizar el impacto del entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad en el consumo máximo de oxígeno de los estudiantes-atletas en futsal.  Metodología: Se utilizó un método de investigación descriptivo con un diseño de pretest y postest de un grupo para alcanzar los objetivos de la investigación. Se incluyó una muestra de 20 estudiantes-atletas varones. La técnica de muestreo utilizada fue un muestreo total. El entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad se llevó a cabo durante seis semanas. Cada semana consistió en tres sesiones. El consumo máximo de oxígeno de los estudiantes-atletas se midió mediante un instrumento llamado Bleep Test. Se utilizó una prueba t de muestras pareadas con la ayuda de SPSS para determinar la diferencia en el consumo máximo de oxígeno antes y después de la implementación del entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad.  Resultados: Los resultados del análisis mostraron un aumento significativo en la media, la mediana, la desviación estándar, el valor mínimo y el valor máximo. Los resultados de la prueba t de muestras pareadas mostraron un efecto significativo en el consumo máximo de oxígeno antes y después de la implementación del entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad (0,000 <0,05). Discusión: Esta investigación destaca el innegable impacto de un programa de entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad de seis semanas en el logro de aumentos sustanciales en el consumo máximo de oxígeno de los atletas.  Conclusiones: El entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad aplicado durante seis semanas puede aumentar el consumo máximo de oxígeno de los estudiantes-atletas de futsal. Este estudio puede servir de base para futuras investigaciones mediante la implementación de experimentos con un grupo control. Introdução: O nível de participação dos estudantes-atletas no futsal continua a aumentar significativamente. No entanto, este aumento não é acompanhado por uma variedade de programas de treino. Objectivo: Este estudo procura analisar o impacto do treino intervalado de alta intensidade no consumo máximo de oxigénio de estudantes-atletas de futsal. Metodologia: Foi utilizado um método de investigação descritivo com um desenho pré-teste-pós-teste de um grupo para atingir os objetivos da investigação. Foi incluída uma amostra de 20 estudantes-atletas do sexo masculino. A técnica de amostragem utilizada foi a amostragem total. O treino intervalado de alta intensidade foi realizado durante seis semanas. Cada semana foi constituída por três sessões. O consumo máximo de oxigénio dos estudantes-atletas foi medido através de uma ferramenta chamada Teste Bleep. Foi utilizado um teste t para amostras emparelhadas com o auxílio do SPSS para determinar a diferença no consumo máximo de oxigénio antes e após a implementação do treino intervalado de alta intensidade. Resultados: Os resultados da análise mostraram um aumento significativo dos valores de média, mediana, desvio padrão, mínimo e máximo. Os resultados do teste t para amostras emparelhadas mostraram um efeito significativo no consumo máximo de oxigénio antes e após a implementação do treino intervalado de alta intensidade (0,000 < 0,05). Discussão: Esta investigação destaca o impacto inegável de um programa de treino intervalado de alta intensidade com a duração de seis semanas na obtenção de aumentos substanciais no consumo máximo de oxigénio dos atletas. Conclusões: O treino intervalado de alta intensidade aplicado durante seis semanas pode aumentar o consumo máximo de oxigénio dos atletas estudantes de futsal. Este estudo pode servir de base para futuras pesquisas, implementando experiências com um grupo de controlo.

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a key marker of health and performance, commonly assessed through treadmill running (TR). However, deep-water running (DWR) has emerged as an alternative modality, minimizing joint impact while preserving cardiovascular stimuli. Despite its potential, inconsistencies in CRF responses between TR and DWR remain unexplored in a systematic synthesis. To systematically review and compare the cardiorespiratory responses of maximal CRF tests performed in DWR and TR. This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021260382). Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scielo, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, without publication date restrictions. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies assessing healthy adults (18–59 years) performing maximal CRF tests in both DWR and TR. Cardiorespiratory variables analyzed included VO₂max, heart rate (HR), pulmonary ventilation (VE), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Study quality was assessed using the TESTEX scale. Fourteen studies comprising 225 participants met the inclusion criteria. VO₂max values in DWR ranged from 76% to 90% of those observed in TR. HR, VE, and blood lactate accumulation were significantly lower in DWR, whereas perceived exertion remained similar. Differences were attributed to hydrostatic pressure, reduced activation of antigravity muscles, altered biomechanics, and enhanced thermoregulation. TR elicits higher cardiometabolic demands than DWR. While DWR is a submaximal alternative, its prescription should be based on aquatic-specific testing. Future studies should refine standardized protocols and investigate chronic adaptations.

Background Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO 2max ) is an excellent predictor of chronic disease morbidity and mortality risk. Guidelines recommend individuals undertake exercise training to improve VO 2max for chronic disease reduction. However, there are large inter-individual differences between exercise training responses. This systematic review is aimed at identifying genetic variants that are associated with VO 2max trainability. Methods Peer-reviewed research papers published up until October 2016 from four databases were examined. Articles were included if they examined genetic variants, incorporated a supervised aerobic exercise intervention; and measured VO 2max /VO 2peak pre and post-intervention. Results Thirty-five articles describing 15 cohorts met the criteria for inclusion. The majority of studies used a cross-sectional retrospective design. Thirty-two studies researched candidate genes, two used Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), and one examined mRNA gene expression data, in addition to a GWAS. Across these studies, 97 genes to predict VO 2max trainability were identified. Studies found phenotype to be dependent on several of these genotypes/variants, with higher responders to exercise training having more positive response alleles than lower responders (greater gene predictor score). Only 13 genetic variants were reproduced by more than two authors. Several other limitations were noted throughout these studies, including the robustness of significance for identified variants, small sample sizes, limited cohorts focused primarily on Caucasian populations, and minimal baseline data. These factors, along with differences in exercise training programs, diet and other environmental gene expression mediators, likely influence the ideal traits for VO 2max trainability. Conclusion Ninety-seven genes have been identified as possible predictors of VO 2max trainability. To verify the strength of these findings and to identify if there are more genetic variants and/or mediators, further tightly-controlled studies that measure a range of biomarkers across ethnicities are required.

Background and Study Aim. Activities carried out for a long time must have a good foundation of VO2max (maximum oxygen volume). Exercise with the right prescription and in no time will increase your VO2max ability. Characteristics of the sport of football which has a long duration of time and a wide field. Based on this, the VO2max ability of football players should be high. The purpose of this study was to see the ability of the maximum oxygen volume of football sports which are conducting training camps in preparation for the provincial sports week. Materials and Methods . This study uses a quantitative approach through survey methods. Where in the research there were tests and measurements to find out the level of VO2max ability. The subjects in this study were the Gabsis football club which was preparing for the provincial sports week (PORPOV). The sampling technique in this study used saturated sampling so that all athletes were sampled, namely 25 soccer athletes. The test instrument used was the yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 1. Furthermore, the data obtained in the field was analyzed using descriptive statistics assisted by the Microsoft Excel 2019 application. Results. Based on the research results, the VO2max level is 32% in the below average category. Furthermore, there are 48% in the average category, and 20% in the good category. Based on these findings, the average VO2max ability of soccer athletes is in the sufficient category. Conclusions. The average categorization of Club Gabsis players is still relatively low based on the results of the VO2max ability test. However, it is important to note that the limitations of this study are the players' uncontrolled dietary consumption and their age, both of which must be taken into account by researchers. It can also find information on the impact of athlete nutrition on endurance abilities. Keywords: Physical Condition , VO2max , Football