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In this paper we derive the asymptotic properties of within groups (WG), GMM, and LIML estimators for an autoregressive model with random effects when both T and N tend to infinity. GMM and LIML are consistent and asymptotically equivalent to the WG estimator. When T/N → 0 the fixed T results for GMM and LIML remain valid, but WG, although consistent, has an asymptotic bias in its asymptotic distribution. When T/N tends to a positive constant, the WG, GMM, and LIML estimators exhibit negative asymptotic biases of order 1/T, 1/N, and 1/(2N - T), respectively. In addition, the crude GMM estimator that neglects the autocorrelation in first differenced errors is inconsistent as T/N → c > 0, despite being consistent for fixed T. Finally, we discuss the properties of a random effects pseudo MLE with unrestricted initial conditions when both T and N tend to infinity.

In diesem Beitrag berichten wir Ergebnisse aus einer qualitativen Studie, in der kunstbasierte Verfahren zum Einsatz kamen, um Änderungen in den Rollen und Verantwortlichkeiten von Jugendlichen aus Flüchtlingsfamilien im Zuge ihrer (Wieder-) Ansiedelung in Kanada verstehen zu können. Insgesamt nahmen 57 Jugendliche aus afghanischen, karenischen und sudanesischen Gemeinschaften in Toronto an der Untersuchung teil, die als Flüchtlinge nach Kanada gekommen waren. Teil der Datenerhebung war das Anfertigen von Zeichnungen im Rahmen von Fokusgruppen. Diese Zeichnungen werden zusammen mit Erläuterungen und Auszügen aus den Gesprächen im Folgenden vorgestellt, um die Komplexität der jugendlichen Erfahrungen zu veranschaulichen. Dabei umfasst die Datenanalyse 1. den reflexiven Dialog der individuellen Teilnehmer/innen mit ihren Zeichnungen, 2. Reflexionen und Bedeutungszuschreibungen aus dem Gruppengespräch und 3. Reflexionen des Forschungsteams. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Rollen und Verantwortlichkeiten der Jugendlichen nach Migration sich sowohl veränderten als auch anwuchsen. Dies betraf Interpretations- und Übersetzungsaufgaben sowie das Hinzukommen emotionaler und finanzieller Unterstützung für Familienmitglieder zusätzlich zu Hausarbeit und Ausbildung. Die Nutzung von Zeichnungen bereicherte die Datenerhebung in den Gruppendiskussionen und umgekehrt. Welche Anregungen sich aus unserer Arbeit für künftige Forschungen mit kunstbasierten Verfahren ergeben, diskutieren wir am Ende des Beitrags.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1503156

Due to systemic oppression, Black women experience distinct risks across the life course, such as exposure to various stressors that shape lower ratings of self-rated health. This is important given that self-rated health is a stronger indicator of current morbidity and subsequent mortality than physician assessments. However, there has been limited consideration of the role of coping in shaping self-rated health among this group. John Henryism, or high-effort coping, is a culturally relevant coping style that reflects the broader societal, cultural, and historical context that shapes lived experiences of Black populations navigating racism and capitalism in the U.S., and has received limited consideration in health research among Black women. Additionally, less is known regarding how ethnicity shapes John Henryism and health processes among Black women specifically. Therefore, the present study examined the association between John Henryism and self-rated health among African American and Caribbean Black women (n = 1580) collectively, and explored this association among Caribbean Black women specifically, utilizing the National Survey of American Life (NSAL 2001–2003). Findings show that while John Henryism was not directly associated with self-rated health among either group, once sociodemographic characteristics and stress exposure were accounted for, John Henryism was associated with lower odds of fair or poor self-rated health among both groups.

This paper asks whether educational mismatches can account for the positive association between education and wage inequality found in the data. We use two different data sources, the European Community Household Panel and the Portuguese Labour Force Survey, and consider several types of mismatch, including overqualification, underqualification and skills mismatch. We test our hypothesis using two different measurement methods, the 'statistical' and the 'subjective' approach. The results are robust to the different choices and unambiguously show that the positive effect of education on wage inequality is not due to the prevalence of educational mismatches in the labour market.

This article concerns a recent political crisis which led to the fragmentation, in the main along ethnic lines, of the small Ghanaian kingdom of Akuapem. The situation is complex, though one may choose to frame it too simply in terms of hegemony (Akan vis-à-vis Guan) or even as a double hegemony in the sense that arguments on both sides appeal to ‘modern’ notions, to law courts, the constitution and ‘freedom’, and to newspapers in order to propagandise a position rather than to appeal to the authority of ‘traditional’ arbitration, destoolment, ancestral shrines and gods. Ethnicity and identity are notions with many and ill-defined meanings that fragment when separated from the specific situations in which they are used or constructed. To examine ethnicity one must see how ethnicities are ‘entangled’ and relate to each other; one needs, too, an historical perspective, for, whatever selfhood was in the eighteenth or nineteenth century, it is obviously different today. The dense historical and ethnographic details in the article are essential to point to the shape of the social order and to reveal in all their complexity the factors behind the recent fighting and continuing tension in the kingdom. Cet article relate une crise politique récente qui a mené au morcellement, essentiellement ethnique, du modeste royaume ghanéen d'Akuapem. La situation est complexe, bien que certains puissent choisir de la formuler trop simplement en termes d'hégémonie des Akan sur les Guan, voire même de double hégémonie en ce sens que les arguments avancés par les deux parties font appel à des notions “modernes”, aux tribunaux, à la constitution et à la “liberté”, ainsi quʼaux journaux pour promouvoir une position par la propaganda, plutôt que de faire appel à l'autorité arbitrale “traditionnelle”, au détronement, aux tombeaux ancestraux et aux dieux. Ethnicité et identité sont des notions qui revêtent des significations nombreuses et mal définies qui se fragmentent lorsquʼelles sont dissociées des situations spécifiques dans lesquelles elles étaient utilisées ou fondées. Pour examiner l'ethnicité, il convient d'étudier les liens étroits qui existent entre ces ethnicités; il est aussi nécessaire de disposer d'une perspective historique car, quelle que soit l'individualité qui prévalait aux XVIIIème et XIXème siècles, la situation est évidemment différente aujourdʼhui. Les nombreuses précisions historiques et ethnographiques contenues dans l'article sont essentielles pour faire ressortir la structure de l'ordre social et révéler dans toute leur complexité les facteurs qui se cachent derrière les luttes récentes et la tension permanente qui affectent le royaume.

In this paper we suggest several alternative ways of constructing feasible bias-corrected (FBC) pooled least squares, within-groups, and first-differences estimators for AR(1) panel data models. In a Monte Carlo simulation study involving data with the qualities normally encountered by both microeconomists and macroeconomists we found that the estimators proposed seem to possess better finite sample properties than the GMM estimators usually employed in this setting: most FBC estimators are unbiased, even when the time series is highly persistent, display less variability, and are not affected by the relative magnitude of the variances for the individual effect and the idiosyncratic error. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

This article describes the position of elderly people from the perspective of money anddiscusses the meaning of money from the perspective of elderly people. Anthropological research was carried out in 1994, 1995 and 1996 in a rural Kwahu community in southern Ghana. It consisted mainly of long conversations with elderly people and their relatives. Money is a core symbol in daily life by which people measure the value of their relationships. It is not used to keep people at bay but rather to establish and maintain social bonds and to secure care in old age. Having money engenders respect, as it is a sign of a successful life, while lack of money discloses failure and shame. Giving money is a way of ‘paying’ respect and shows affection and care for the elderly. Cet article décrit la situation des personnes âgées du point de vuede l'argent, et examine la signification de l'argent du point de vue des personnes âgées. Des études anthropologiques ont été réalisées en 1994, 1995 et 1996 dans une communauté Kwahu rurale située dans la partie sud du Ghana. Ces études ont pris principalement la forme de longues conversations avec des personnes âgées et leurs familles. L'argent est un symbole fondamental de la vie quotidienne, étalon de mesure dela valeur des relations entre les individus. Il ne permet pas de tenir les personnes à distance, mais plutôt d'établir et d'entretenir des lienssociaux, et de garantir la prise en charge des personnes âgées. Le fait deposséder de l'argent suscite le respect, car c'est le signe d'unevie réussie, tandis que le manque d'argent traduit l'échec et la honte. Le don d'argent est une marque de respect, d'affection et d'attention à l'égard des personnes âgées.

In this thought-provoking and engaging book, Mike Michael brings us a powerful overview of Actor-Network Theory. Covering a breadth of topics, Michael demonstrates how ANT has become a major theoretical framework, influencing scholarly work across a range of fields. Critical and playful, this book fills a notable gap in the literature as Michael expertly explicates the theory and demonstrates how its key concepts can be applied. Comparing and contrasting ANT with other social scientific perspectives, Michael provides a robust and reflexive account of its analytic and empirical promise. A perfect companion for any student of Science and Technology Studies, Sociology, Geography, Management & Organisation Studies, Media & Communication, and Cultural Studies.

The effect of aggressive competition over food resources on energy intake rate is analyzed for individuals of three groups of 25-35 white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus, living in and near Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve, Costa Rica. An individual's energy intake rate on a given food species was affected by its rank and the number of agonistic interactions within the feeding tree. Dominant group members had higher energy intake rates relative to subordinate group members whether or not there was agonism within the feeding tree. Low- and mid-ranked individuals had lower energy intake rates in trees with higher amounts of aggression, while energy intake rate of high-ranked individuals was not affected by the amount of aggression in the feeding tree. Energy intake was not influenced by the sex of the individual when rank was held constant statistically. Energy intake was positively correlated with total crown energy (measured in kilojoules) within the feeding tree for two of three study groups. This difference may be explained by the quality of each group's territory. Finally, high-ranked individuals are responsible for the majority of agonism within feeding trees and target middle- and low-ranked individuals equally. These findings fit the predictions of current socioecological models for within-group contest competition over food resources. The results of this study suggest that within-group competition affects energy intake rate in white-faced capuchin monkeys.

This chapter contains sections titled: Diversity and Performance: A Rough Review The Categorization‐Elaboration Model Social Categorization Processes The Interaction of Social Categorization and Elaboration Processes Managing Diversity In Conclusion Acknowledgment References