Asset Details
Do you wish to reserve the book?
Health Care Costs Associated With Norovirus at the Veterans Health Administration
Hey, we have placed the reservation for you!
By the way, why not check out events that you can attend while you pick your title.
Oops! Something went wrong.
Looks like we were not able to place the reservation. Kindly try again later.
Are you sure you want to remove the book from the shelf?
Health Care Costs Associated With Norovirus at the Veterans Health Administration
Do you wish to request the book?
Health Care Costs Associated With Norovirus at the Veterans Health Administration
Please be aware that the book you have requested cannot be checked out. If you would like to checkout this book, you can reserve another copy
We have requested the book for you!
Your request is successful and it will be processed during the Library working hours. Please check the status of your request in My Requests.
Oops! Something went wrong.
Looks like we were not able to place your request. Kindly try again later.
Journal Article
Health Care Costs Associated With Norovirus at the Veterans Health Administration
2025
Overview
Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis among all ages in the US. Older adults, including veterans, are a potential target group for future vaccination and therapeutics, and more data are needed on the economic burden of norovirus among this population.
To quantify the outpatient, emergency department (ED), and inpatient health care costs associated with laboratory-confirmed norovirus episodes among veterans seeking care in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA).
This economic evaluation used VHA electronic health record and health care cost data between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2024, with costs adjusted to 2024 dollars. Participants were veterans (aged ≥18 years) with norovirus who sought care from VHA clinics and hospitals nationwide. Norovirus episodes were categorized as outpatient, ED, or inpatient.
Norovirus episodes laboratory-confirmed by polymerase chain reaction assays.
Outpatient, ED, and inpatient costs for encounters or admissions within 2 days of the norovirus-positive test result. Costs were extrapolated to the expected number of annual norovirus episodes with and without laboratory confirmation in the VHA using published incidence rates.
A total of 7768 norovirus episodes from 7520 patients (median [IQR] age, 62 [45-74] years; 6862 males [88%]; median [IQR] Charlson Comorbidity Index [CCI], 1 [0-4]) were included in the analysis. There were 3520 outpatient, 2018 ED, and 2230 inpatient norovirus episodes, with respective median (IQR) costs of $640 ($207-$1291), $2203 ($1596-$2989), and $14 083 ($8045-$26 672). Median (IQR) inpatient costs were higher among older age groups ($12 777 [$7297-$23 737], $16 075 [$9291-$29 311], and $18 566 [$10 676-$33 582] for those aged 45-64 years, 65-84 years, and ≥85 years, respectively) than younger adults ($7751 [$4768-$14 984] and $9394 [$5474-$15 830] for those aged 18-24 years and 25-44 years, respectively; P < .001). Median (IQR) inpatient costs were also higher across CCI categories, with the highest for CCI of 5 or higher ($18 508 [$10 445-$35 900]). The overall extrapolated annual cost to the VHA was $28 438 556.
This study found norovirus to be a substantial economic burden in the VHA. Developing targeted interventions, such as vaccines and antivirals, for this population may result in cost savings.
Publisher
American Medical Association
Subject
/ Aged
/ Caliciviridae Infections - economics
/ Caliciviridae Infections - epidemiology
/ Emergency Service, Hospital - economics
/ Female
/ Gastroenteritis - epidemiology
/ Health Care Costs - statistics & numerical data
/ Humans
/ Male
/ United States - epidemiology
