Journal Article

Recent Stressful Experiences and Suicide Risk: Implications for Suicide Prevention and Intervention in U.S. Army Soldiers

Nock, Matthew K., Heeringa, Steven G., Haller, Katy, Ao, Jingning, Kessler, Ronald C., Ursano, Robert J., Aliaga, Pablo A., Stein, Murray B., Brent, David A., Georg, Matthew W., Dempsey, Catherine L., Benedek, David M., Zuromski, Kelly L.

2023

Overview

Objectives To identify the extent to which the presence of recent stressful events are risk factors for suicide among active‐duty soldiers as reported by informants. Methods Next‐of‐kin (NOK) and supervisors (SUP) of active duty soldiers (n = 135) who died by suicide and two groups of living controls: propensity‐matched (n = 128) and soldiers who reported suicidal ideation in the past year, but did not die (SI) (n = 108) provided data via structured interviews from the Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to create a risk score for suicide. Results The odds of suicide increased significantly for soldiers experiencing relationship problems, military punishment, and perceived failure or humiliation in the month prior to death. Suicide risk models with these risk factors predicted suicide death among those who reported SI in the past year (OR = 5.9, [95% CI = 1.5, 24.0] χ2 = 6.24, p = 0.0125, AUC, 0.73 (0.7, 0.8) NOK) and (OR = 8.6, [95% CI = 1.4, 51.5] χ2 = 5.49, p = 0.0191, AUC, 0.78 (0.7, 0.8); SUP) suggesting the combination of these recent stressors may contribute to the transition from ideation to action. Conclusions Our findings suggest for the first time recent stressors distinguished suicide ideating controls from suicide decedents in the month prior to death as reported by informants. Implications for preventive intervention efforts for clinicians, supervisors and family members in identifying the transition from ideation to action are discussed. HIGHLIGHTS The study identified recent stressors that increased the odds of suicide death as reported by informants, and described how these recent stressors contributed to suicide risk, especially the transition from ideation to completed suicide, after controlling for lifetime stressors and history of mental disorders in service members. The identification of relationship problems, military punishment, and perceived failure or humiliation in the month prior to death in service members is an actionable target for suicide prevention and intervention for clinicians, family members, and supervisors.

• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc,John Wiley and Sons Inc,Wiley
• Subject: Adjustment / Armed forces / Autopsies / Demographics / Mental disorders / Mental health / Military deployment / Military personnel / Post traumatic stress disorder / Regression analysis / Response rates / Risk factors / Sex crimes / Suicidal behavior / Suicidal ideation / Suicide prevention / Suicides & suicide attempts / Violence