Journal Article

Scalable and Resilient AI Framework for Malware Detection in Software-Defined Internet of Things

Abdelhaq, Maha, Hasan, Toobah, Ivković, Nikola, Al-Shamayleh, Ahmad Sami, Akhunzada, Adnan

2026

Overview

The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Edge Artificial Intelligence (AI) has redefined automation and connectivity across modern networks. However, the heterogeneity and limited resources of IoT devices expose them to increasingly sophisticated and persistent malware attacks. These adaptive and stealthy threats can evade conventional detection, establish remote control, propagate across devices, exfiltrate sensitive data, and compromise network integrity. This study presents a Software-Defined Internet of Things (SD-IoT) control-plane-based, AI-driven framework that integrates Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for efficient detection of evolving multi-vector, malware-driven botnet attacks. The proposed CUDA-enabled hybrid deep learning (DL) framework performs centralized real-time detection without adding computational overhead to IoT nodes. A feature selection strategy combining variable clustering, attribute evaluation, one-R attribute evaluation, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) enhances detection accuracy and reduces complexity. The framework is rigorously evaluated using the N_BaIoT dataset under k-fold cross-validation. Experimental results achieve 99.96% detection accuracy, a false positive rate (FPR) of 0.0035%, and a detection latency of 0.18 ms, confirming its high efficiency and scalability. The findings demonstrate the framework’s potential as a robust and intelligent security solution for next-generation IoT ecosystems.

• Publisher: Tech Science Press
• Subject: Artificial intelligence / Clustering / Correlation analysis / Cybersecurity / Heterogeneity / Internet of Things / Machine learning / Malware / Network latency / Principal components analysis / Real time / Remote control