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Demonstrating the Natural Order: The Physiocratic Trials in Baden, 1770–1802
by
Bowler, Richard
in
18th century
/ Agriculture
/ Experiments
/ Natural sciences
/ Physiocrats
/ Reforms
/ Social order
/ Tax reform
/ Taxation
/ Towns
/ Truth
/ Welfare
2019
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Demonstrating the Natural Order: The Physiocratic Trials in Baden, 1770–1802
by
Bowler, Richard
in
18th century
/ Agriculture
/ Experiments
/ Natural sciences
/ Physiocrats
/ Reforms
/ Social order
/ Tax reform
/ Taxation
/ Towns
/ Truth
/ Welfare
2019
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Demonstrating the Natural Order: The Physiocratic Trials in Baden, 1770–1802
Journal Article
Demonstrating the Natural Order: The Physiocratic Trials in Baden, 1770–1802
2019
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Overview
This article examines attempts to demonstrate the truth of physiocratic principles in eighteenth-century Baden. Emphasizing the importance of the so-called net yield (produit net), a surplus product understood to be created primarily in agriculture, the physiocrats advanced a new science of material prosperity and moral welfare. Despite its alleged “self-evidence,” physiocracy invited strong criticism from those who denied the force of its abstractions. Ultimately regarded as ill-fated and unconvincing, these trials were significant for their attempt to offer an experiential demonstration aimed at persuading doubters and silencing critics. The apparent failure notwithstanding, the episode illustrates how the idiom and practice of experiment served as a powerful resource for generating conviction in the eighteenth century, even in matters extending beyond the emerging natural sciences. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die in der Markgrafschaft Baden im 18. Jahrhundert stattfindenden Versuche, die Wahrheit der physiokratischen Prinzipien zu demonstrieren. Indem die Physiokraten die Bedeutung des sogenannten Reinertrags (produit net), einen in erster Linie von der Landwirtschaft produzierten Überschuss, betonten, trieben sie eine neue Wissenschaft materiellen Wohlstands und moralischen Wohlergehens voran. Obwohl die Physiokratie auf ihre angebliche „Selbstverständlichkeit“ verwies, wurde ihr von Seiten derer, welche die Überzeugungskraft ihrer Abstraktionen bestritten, mit heftiger Kritik begegnet. Die Versuche, eine auf Erfahrung beruhende Demonstration physiokratischer Theorien durchzuführen, um Zweifler und Kritiker zu überzeugen beziehungsweise zum Schweigen zu bringen, wurden zwar letztlich als unglücklich und nicht überzeugend angesehen, waren aber bedeutend. Trotz ihres Scheiterns zeigt diese Episode nämlich, wie bedeutend Idiom und Praxis des Experiments im 18. Jahrhundert bei der Meinungsbildung waren – sogar in Angelegenheiten außerhalb der sich in der Entstehung befindenden Naturwissenschaften.
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