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Ecosystem Service Synergies and Trade-Offs in Poplar–Birch Mixed Natural Forests Across Different Developmental Stages
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Ecosystem Service Synergies and Trade-Offs in Poplar–Birch Mixed Natural Forests Across Different Developmental Stages
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Journal Article
Ecosystem Service Synergies and Trade-Offs in Poplar–Birch Mixed Natural Forests Across Different Developmental Stages
2025
Overview
Forest ecosystem services are crucial for sustaining ecological balance and supporting human well-being. This study quantified and analyzed ecosystem services—carbon storage, water conservation, and productivity—across four developmental stages (I, II, III, and IV) of poplar (Populus davidiana)–birch (Betula platyphylla) mixed natural secondary forests (MPB) in Weichang County, China, over the year 2022 using the InVEST and biomass models. Synergies and trade-offs between these ecosystem services were assessed using the constraint line method. The results showed that as the stand developed, carbon storage values gradually increased, while productivity remained relatively low during the initial three stages but exhibited a significant upward trend by Stage IV (p < 0.05). In contrast, water conservation did not exhibit a clear pattern with stand development. Across all stages, carbon storage exhibited a synergistic relationship with productivity, but a trade-off was observed with water conservation. In the first three stages, productivity and water conservation were in trade-off, yet by Stage IV, this relationship shifted to a weak synergy. The constraint line analysis revealed dynamic trade-offs between productivity, carbon storage, and water conservation. The findings emphasize the importance of adopting adaptive management strategies for MPB at different developmental stages to maximize the synergistic effects among ecosystem services.
