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Unveiling the tick-borne pathogens from domestic ruminant ticks in Malawi and the emergence of the brown ear tick in the southern region: implications for East Coast fever control
Unveiling the tick-borne pathogens from domestic ruminant ticks in Malawi and the emergence of the brown ear tick in the southern region: implications for East Coast fever control
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Unveiling the tick-borne pathogens from domestic ruminant ticks in Malawi and the emergence of the brown ear tick in the southern region: implications for East Coast fever control
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Unveiling the tick-borne pathogens from domestic ruminant ticks in Malawi and the emergence of the brown ear tick in the southern region: implications for East Coast fever control
Unveiling the tick-borne pathogens from domestic ruminant ticks in Malawi and the emergence of the brown ear tick in the southern region: implications for East Coast fever control

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Unveiling the tick-borne pathogens from domestic ruminant ticks in Malawi and the emergence of the brown ear tick in the southern region: implications for East Coast fever control
Unveiling the tick-borne pathogens from domestic ruminant ticks in Malawi and the emergence of the brown ear tick in the southern region: implications for East Coast fever control
Journal Article

Unveiling the tick-borne pathogens from domestic ruminant ticks in Malawi and the emergence of the brown ear tick in the southern region: implications for East Coast fever control

2026
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Overview
Ticks transmit a wide range of protozoan, bacterial, and viral pathogens to humans and animals globally. However, data on ticks infesting domestic ruminants and the pathogens they carry are scarce in Malawi. In this study, we examined ticks collected from domestic ruminants and screened them for selected veterinary and medically important protozoan and bacterial pathogens. A total of 964 ticks were collected from 202 cattle, 63 goats, and 16 sheep across eleven districts in Malawi. Ticks were morphologically identified to species level using taxonomical keys, with molecular confirmation by PCR amplification and sequencing of the 12S ribosomal RNA (12S rDNA) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( COI ) genes. Tick DNA was further screened for tick-borne pathogens using species-specific PCR assays. Identified tick species included Rhipicephalus microplus (30.5%), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (23.3%), Rhipicephalus decoloratus (13.2%), Rhipicephalus evertsi (9.8%), Hyalomma rufipes (7.5%), Amblyomma variegatum (6.3%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (tropical lineage) (3.6%), Hyalomma truncatum (2.8%), Rhipicephalus simus (2.0%), Rhipicephalus pravus (0.6%), and Rhipicephalus annulatus (0.4%). Overall, 37.0% of ticks carried at least one tick-borne pathogen, with Theileria parva being the most prevalent (34.7%), followed by Anaplasma marginale (17.4%), Babesia bigemina (14.9%), Anaplasma ovis (11.2%), Ehrlichia ruminantium (9.2%) , Theileria mutans (8.4%), Babesia bovis (2.2%), and Anaplasma bovis (2.0%). This study provides the first molecular identification of ticks infesting domestic ruminants in Malawi and documents associated tick-borne pathogens. Notably, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was identified for the first time in southern Malawi, refining current understanding of East Coast fever epidemiology and highlighting the need for updated surveillance approaches. Les tiques transmettent un large éventail d'agents pathogènes protozoaires, bactériens et viraux aux humains et aux animaux à l'échelle mondiale. Cependant, les données sur les tiques infestant les ruminants domestiques et les agents pathogènes qu'elles transportent sont rares au Malawi. Cette étude a examiné des tiques prélevées sur des ruminants domestiques et a recherché certains agents pathogènes protozoaires et bactériens d'importance vétérinaire et médicale. Au total, 964 tiques ont été collectées sur 202 bovins, 63 chèvres et 16 moutons dans onze districts du Malawi. Les tiques ont été identifiées morphologiquement jusqu'à l'espèce à l'aide de clés taxonomiques, avec confirmation moléculaire par amplification PCR et séquençage des gènes de l'ARN ribosomique 12S (ADNr 12S) et de la sous-unité I de la cytochrome c oxydase ( COI ). L’ADN des tiques a ensuite été analysé à la recherche d’agents pathogènes transmis par les tiques à l’aide de tests PCR spécifiques à l’espèce. Les espèces de tiques identifiées comprenaient Rhipicephalus microplus (30,5 %), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (23,3 %), Rhipicephalus decoloratus (13,2 %), Rhipicephalus evertsi (9,8 %), Hyalomma rufipes (7,5 %), Amblyomma variegatum (6,3 %), Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (lignée tropicale) (3,6 %), Hyalomma truncatum (2,8 %), Rhipicephalus simus (2,0 %), Rhipicephalus pravus (0,6 %) et Rhipicephalus annulatus (0,4 %). Au total, 37 % des tiques étaient porteuses d'au moins un agent pathogène transmis par les tiques, Theileria parva étant le plus fréquent (34,7 %), suivi d' Anaplasma marginale (17,4 %), Babesia bigemina (14,9 %), Anaplasma ovis (11,2 %), Ehrlichia ruminantium (9,2 %), Theileria mutans (8,4 %), Babesia bovis (2,2 %) et Anaplasma bovis (2 %). Cette étude fournit la première identification moléculaire des tiques infestant les ruminants domestiques au Malawi et documente les agents pathogènes transmis par les tiques associés. Notamment, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus a été identifié pour la première fois dans le sud du Malawi, ce qui affine les connaissances actuelles sur l'épidémiologie de la fièvre de la côte Est et souligne la nécessité de mettre à jour les méthodes de surveillance.